Sección 2. Consenso colombiano para profilaxis, tratamiento y prevención de la aspergilosis invasora en pacientes adultos y pediátricos

Contenido principal del artículo

José M. Oñate
Pilar Rivas-Pinedo
Carlos H. Saavedra-Trujillo
Germán Camacho-Moreno
Sonia I. Cuervo-Maldonado
Leonardo Enciso-Olivera
Bonell Patiño-Escobar
Juan P. Osorio-Lombana
Indira Berrio
Carlos A. Álvarez-Moreno
Julio C. Gómez-Rincón
Sonia Restrepo-Gualteros
Ximena Castañeda-Luquerna
Fredy Guevara
Jorge I. Marín-Uribe
Jaime Patiño-Niño
José F. García-Goez
Adriana Marcela Celis
Franco Montufar
Eduardo López-Medina
Dinno Fernández-Chico
Hugo Fernández-Suarez
Christian Pallares G

Resumen

La aspergilosis invasive (AI) continúa siendo una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad, de difícil manejo en los pacientes severamente inmunocomprometidos, sin embargo, con su aparición en un grupo heterogéneo de pacientes (ej., paciente críticos en UCI), pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana [HIV/sida], etc.), que clásicamente no se consideraban de alto riesgo, así como la manifestación de formas más crónicas de aspergilosis, (incluidas aquellas con propensión a la invasión), que han sido mejor definidas, se han establecido diferentes modalidades de tratamiento antifúngico para infecciones asociadas a Aspergillus de acuerdo a la condición específica del paciente. La comprensión de los diferentes factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de una EFI/AI, los cuales evolucionan constantemente, y que incluyen entre otros, la malignidad subyacente, el estado y tratamiento asociado, la presencia de comorbilidades, la exposición ambiental, y la presencia de ciertos polimorfismos genéticos en el paciente, permiten una estratificación de riesgo más precisa, que unido al uso de algoritmos de diagnóstico, permitirían caracterizar los pacientes que se beneficiarían de las diferentes estrategias de intervención temprana, y de la optimización de protocolos de manejo. La evaluación de las manifestaciones clínicas del pacientes es un paso esencial, ya que involucra el sitio de infección, la gravedad y la naturaleza dinámica de la inmunosupresión, y las características del agente etiológico implicado, que junto al uso de modalidades imagenológicas (con un papel cada vez más importante en el diagnóstico), y de herramientas diagnósticas novedosas y accesibles, útiles para la detección y el seguimiento de la enfermedad, permiten el reconocimiento precoz de la infección, la selección de un tratamiento antifúngico temprano, el uso de fármacos antifúngicos más efectivos y la elaboración de guías de práctica clínica locales.

Detalles del artículo

Sección
Guias de Práctica Clínica

Citas

Bongomin F, Gago S, Oladele RO, Denning DW. Global and multi-national prevalence of fungal diseases-estimate precision. J Fungi. 2017;3(4).

https://doi.org/10.3390/jof3040057

Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (GAFFI). Priority Fungal Infections. 2017.

Latgé J-P, Chamilos G. Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis in 2019. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;33(1):e00140-18.

https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00140-18

Patterson TF, Thompson GR, Denning DW, Fishman JA, Hadley S, Herbrecht R, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis: 2016 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(4):e1-60.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw326

Steinbach WJ, Marr KA, Anaissie EJ, Azie N, Quan SP, Meier-Kriesche HU, et al. Clinical epidemiology of 960 patients with invasive aspergillosis from the PATH Alliance registry. J Infect. 2012;65(5):453-64.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2012.08.003

Kontoyiannis DP., Marr KA, Park BJ, Alexander BD, Anaissie EJ, Walsh TJ, et al. Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001-2006: Overview of the transplantassociated infection surveillance network (TRANSNET) database. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(8):1091-100.

https://doi.org/10.1086/651263

Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, Hadley S, Kauffman CA, Freifeld A, et al. Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the transplant-associated infection surveillance network (Transnet). Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(8):1101-11.

https://doi.org/10.1086/651262

Husain S, Camargo JF. Invasive Aspergillosis in solid-organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019;33(9):1-24.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.13544

Wilopo BAP, Richardson MD, Denning DW. Diagnostic Aspects of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Present and New Directions. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2019;13(4):292-300.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-019-00361-7

Alvarez-Moreno CA, Cortes JA, Denning DW. Burden of fungal infections in Colombia. J Fungi. 2018;4(2):1-13.

https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4020041

Gregg KS, Kauffman CA. Invasive Aspergillosis: Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects, and Treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;36(5):662-72.

https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1562893

Andrews JC, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Pottie K, Meerpohl JJ, Coello PA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation - Determinants of a recommendation's direction and strength. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):726-35.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.02.003

Alonso-Coello P, Rigau D, Sanabria AJ, Plaza V, Miravitlles M, Martinez L. Calidad y fuerza: el sistema GRADE para la formulación de recomendaciones en las guías de práctica clínica. Arch Bronconeumol. 2013;49(6):261-7.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2012.12.001

Chamilos G, Luna M, Lewis RE, Bodey GP, Chemaly R, Tarrand JJ, et al. Invasive fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies in a tertiary care cancer center: an autopsy study over a 15-year period (1989- 2003). Haematologica. 2006;91(7):986-9.

Antinori S, Nebuloni M, Magni C, Fasan M, Adorni F, Viola A, et al. Trends in the postmortem diagnosis of opportunistic invasive fungal infections in patients with AIDS: A retrospective study of 1,630 autopsies performed between 1984 and 2002. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009;132(2):221-7.

https://doi.org/10.1309/AJCPRAAE8LZ7DTNE

Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, et al. Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: A 6-year survey. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(5):577-84.

https://doi.org/10.1086/505870

Benedict K, Jackson BR, Chiller T, Beer KD. Estimation of Direct Healthcare Costs of Fungal Diseases in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(11):1791-7.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy776

Houst J, Spizek J, Havlicek V. Antifungal Drugs. Metabolites. 2020;10(3):106.

https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10030106

Pemán J, Salavert M. Epidemiología y prevención de las infecciones nosocomiales causadas por especies de hongos filamentosos y levaduras. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2013;31(5):328-41.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2013.02.002

Fortún J, Meije Y, Fresco G, Moreno S. Aspergilosis. Formas clínicas y tratamiento. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2012;30(4):201-8.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2011.12.005

Ullmann AJ, Aguado JM, Arikan-Akdagli S, Denning DW, Groll AH, Lagrou K, et al. Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:e1-38.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.01.002

Aguilar CA, Hamandi B, Fegbeutel C, Silveira FP, Verschuuren EA, Ussetti P, et al. Clinical risk factors for invasive aspergillosis in lung transplant recipients: Results of an international cohort study. J Hear Lung Transplant. 2018;37(10):1226-34.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2018.06.008

Zaoutis TE, Heydon K, Chu JH, Walsh TJ, Steinbach WJ. Epidemiology, outcomes, and costs of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised children in the United States, 2000. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4).

https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1161

Singh N, Paterson DL. Aspergillus Infections in Transplant Recipients. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18(1):44-69.

https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.1.44-69.2005

Paterson DL, Singh N. Invasive aspergillosis in transplant recipients. Vol. 78, Medicine. 1999. p. 123-38.

https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-199903000-00003

Lortholary O, Gangneux JP, Sitbon K, Lebeau B, de Monbrison F, Le Strat Y, et al. Epidemiological trends in invasive aspergillosis in France: The SAIF network (2005-2007). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(12):1882-9.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03548.x

Husain S, Silveira FP, Azie N, Franks B, Horn D. Epidemiological features of invasive mold infections among solid organ transplant recipients: PATH Alliance® registry analysis. Med Mycol. 2017;55(3):269-77.

https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myw086

Neofytos D, Chatzis O, Nasioudis D, Boely Janke E, Doco Lecompte T, Garzoni C, et al. Epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes of invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients in the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Transpl Infect Dis. 2018;20(4):0-1.

https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12898

Muñoz P, Cerón I, Valerio M, Palomo J, Villa A, Eworo A, et al. Invasive aspergillosis among heart transplant recipients: A 24-year perspective. J Hear Lung Transplant. 2014;33(3):278-88.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2013.11.003

Ruiz-Camps I, Aguado JM, Almirante B, Bouza E, Ferrer-Barbera CF, Len O, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of invasive mould diseases caused by filamentous fungi by the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(SUPPL. 2):1-24.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03477.x

Vandewoude K, Blot S, Benoit D, Depuydt P, Vogelaers D, Colardyn F. Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients: Analysis of risk factors for acquisition and mortality. Acta Clin Belg. 2004;59(5):251-7.

https://doi.org/10.1179/acb.2004.037

Herbrecht R, Bories P, Moulin JC, Ledoux MP, Letscher-Bru V. Risk stratification for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1272(1):23-30.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06829.x

Pemán J, Quindós G. Aspectos actuales de las enfermedades invasivas por hongos filamentosos. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2014;31(4):213-8.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2014.07.003

Gavalda J, Len O, San Juan R, Aguado JM, Fortun J, Lumbreras C, et al. Risk factors for invasive aspergillosis in solid-organ transplant recipients: A case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(1):52-9.

https://doi.org/10.1086/430602

Saliba F, Delvart V, Ichaï P, Kassis N, Botterel F, Mihaila L, et al. Fungal infections after liver transplantation: Outcomes and risk factors revisited in the MELD era. Clin Transplant. 2013;27(4):454-61.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12129

Fortún J, Martín-Dávila P, Moreno S, De Vicente E, Nuño J, Candelas A, et al. Risk factors for invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2002;8(11):1065-70.

https://doi.org/10.1053/jlts.2002.36239

Osawa M, Ito Y, Hirai T, Isozumi R, Takakura S, Fujimoto Y, et al. Risk Factors for Invasive Aspergillosis in Living Donor Liver Transplant Recipients. Liver Transpl. 2007;13(4):566-70.

https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.21099

Cook JC, Cook A, Tran RH, Chang PP, Rodgers JE. A case-control study of the risk factors for developing aspergillosis following cardiac transplant. Clin Transplant. 2018;32(9):0-1.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.13367

Altiparmak MR, Apaydin S, Trablus S, Serdengecti K, Ataman R, Ozturk R, et al. Systemic fungal infections after renal transplantation. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34(4):284-8.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00365540110077470

Dimopoulos G, Frantzeskaki F, Poulakou G, Armaganidis A. Invasive aspergillosis in the intensive care unit. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1272(1):31-9.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06805.x

Schauwvlieghe AFAD, Rijnders BJA, Philips N, Verwijs R, Vanderbeke L, Van Tienen C, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(10):782-92.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30274-1

Koehler P, Salmanton-García J, Gräfe SK, Koehler FC, Mellinghoff SC, Seidel D, et al. Baseline predictors influencing the prognosis of invasive aspergillosis in adults. Mycoses. 2019;62(8):651-8.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12926

Koehler P, Bassetti M, Chakrabarti A, Chen SCA, Colombo AL, Hoenigl M, et al. Defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: the 2020 ECMM/ISHAM consensus criteria for research and clinical guidance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;3099(20).

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30847-1

Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-20.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032

Koehler P, Cornely OA, Böttiger BW, Dusse F, Eichenauer DA, Fuchs F, et al. COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Mycoses. 2020;63(6):528-34.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13096

Alanio A, Dellière S, Fodil S, Bretagne S, Mégarbane B. Prevalence of putative invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(6):e48-9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30237-X

van Arkel ALE, Rijpstra TA, Belderbos HNA, van Wijngaarden P, Verweij PE, Bentvelsen RG. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(1):132-5.

https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202004-1038LE

Bartoletti M, Pascale R, Cricca M, Rinaldi M, Maccaro A, Bussini L, et al. Epidemiology of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis among COVID-19 intubated patients: a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa1065.

White L, Dhillon R, Cordey A, Hughes H, Faggian F, Soni S, et al. A National Strategy to Diagnose COVID-19 Associated Invasive Fungal Disease in the ICU. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa1298.

https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3644400

Groll AH, Schrey D, Tragiannidis A, Bochennek K, Lehrnbecher T. Invasive Aspergillosis in Children and Adolescents. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(20):3545-68.

https://doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990311

Tragiannidis A, Roilides E, Walsh TJ, Groll AH. Invasive aspergillosis in children with acquired immunodeficiencies. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(2):258-67.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir786

Samson RA, Visagie CM, Houbraken J, Hong SB, Hubka V, Klaassen CHW, et al. Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus. Stud Mycol. 2014;78(1):141-73.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2014.07.004

Balajee SA, Marr KA. Phenotypic and genotypic identification of human pathogenic aspergilli. Future Microbiol. 2006;1:435-45.

https://doi.org/10.2217/17460913.1.4.435

Perlin DS, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Alastruey-Izquierdo A. The global problem of antifungal resistance: prevalence, mechanisms, and management. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(12):e383-92.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30316-X

Schwartz IS, Patterson TF. The Emerging Threat of Antifungal Resistance in Transplant Infectious Diseases. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2018;20(3).

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-018-0608-y

Gautier M, Normand AC, Ranque S. Previously unknown species of Aspergillus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(8):662-9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2016.05.013

van der Linden JWM, Arendrup MC, Warris A, Lagrou K, Pelloux H, Hauser PM, et al. Prospective multicenter international surveillance of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(6):1041-4.

https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2106.140717

Hope WW, Walsh TJ, Denning DW. The invasive and saprophytic syndromes due to Aspergillus spp. Med Mycol. 2005;43(SUPPL.1).

https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780400025179

Martínez-Sahuquillo Amuedo M, Echevarría Ruiz De Vargas M. Métodos de consenso. Uso adecuado de la evidencia en la toma de decisiones. «Método RAND/UCLA». Rehabilitación. 2001;35(6):388-92.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7120(01)73220-3

Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Jaeschke R, Helfand M, Liberati A, et al. Incorporating considerations of resources use into grading recommendations. Br Med J. 2008;336(7654):1170.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39504.506319.80

Cluzeau F, Burgers J, Brouwers M, Grol R, Mäkelä M, Littlejohns P, et al. Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: The AGREE project. Qual Saf Heal Care. 2003;12(1):18-23.

https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.12.1.18

Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. Development of the AGREE II, part 2: Assessment of validity of items and tools to support application. Cmaj. 2010;182(10).

https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091716

Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. Development of the AGREE II, part 1: Performance, usefulness and áreas for improvement. Cmaj. 2010;182(10):1045-52.

https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091714

Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. AGREE II: Advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(12):1308-11.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.001

Flórez Gómez ID, Montoya DC. Las guías de práctica clínica y el instrumento AGREE II. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2011;563-76.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60147-5

Varela-Ruiz M, Díaz-Bravo L, García-Durán R. Descripción y usos del método Delphi en investigaciones del área de la salud. Investig en Educ Médica. 2012;1(2):90-5.

Garcia-Vidal C, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Aguilar-Guisado M, Carratalà J, Castro C, Fernández-Ruiz M, et al. Executive summary of clinical practice guideline for the management of invasive diseases caused by Aspergillus: 2018 Update by the GEMICOMED-SEIMC/REIPI. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2019;37(8):535-41.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2018.03.018

Blyth CC, Gilroy NM, Guy SD, Chambers ST, Cheong EY, Gottlieb T, et al. Consensus guidelines for the treatment of invasive mould infections in haematological malignancy and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation, 2014. Intern Med J. 2014;44(12):1333-49.

https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12598

Wald A, Leisenring W, Van Burik JA, Bowden RA. Epidemiology of Aspergillus infections in a large cohort of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis. 1997;175(6):1459-66.

https://doi.org/10.1086/516480

Vergidis P, Denning DW. Prophylaxis and Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis: Who and How of Prophylaxis, Treatment, and New Therapies. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis. 2020;12:54-70.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40506-020-00213-w

Cordonnier C, Rovira M, Maertens J, Olavarria E, Faucher C, Bilger K, et al. Voriconazole for secondary prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: results of the VOSIFI study. Haematologica. 2010;95(10):1762-1768.

https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2009.020073

Ananda-rajah MR, Grigg A, Downey MT, Bajel A, Spelman T, Cheng A, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness of prophylactic voriconazole/ posaconazole to fluconazole/itraconazole in patients with acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy over a 12-year period. Haematologica. 2012;97(3):459-63.

https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2011.051995

Phillips K, Cirrone F, Ahuja T, Siegfried J, Papadopoulos J. Posaconazole versus voriconazole as antifungal prophylaxis during induction therapy for acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. J Oncol Pharm Pr. 2019;25(2):398-403.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155218806975

Annino L, Chierichini A, Anaclerico B, Finolezzi E, Norata M, Cortese S, et al. Prospective Phase II Single-Center Study of the Safety of a Single Very High Dose of Liposomal Amphotericin B for Antifungal Prophylaxis in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(6):2596-602.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00155-13

Mattiuzzi GN, Kantarjian H, Faderl S, Lim J, Kontoyiannis D, Thomas D, et al. Amphotericin B Lipid Complex as Prophylaxis of Invasive Fungal Infections in Patients with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome Undergoing Induction Chemotherapy. Cancer. 2004;100(3):581-9.

https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11936

Husain S, Zaldonis D, Kusne S, Kwak EJ. Variation in antifungal prophylaxis strategies in lung transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2006;8(4):213-8.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2006.00156.x

Cornely O, Maertens J, Winston D, Perfect J, Ullmann A, Walsh T, et al. Posaconazole vs. Fluconazole or Itraconazole Prophylaxis in Patients with Neutropenia. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:348-59.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa061094

Iversen M, Burton CM, Vand S, Skovfoged L. Aspergillus infection in lung transplant patients : incidence and prognosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26:879-86.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-007-0376-3

Luong ML, Chaparro C, Stephenson A, Rotstein C, Singer LG, Waters V, et al. Pretransplant Aspergillus colonization of cystic fibrosis patients and the incidence of post-lung transplant invasive aspergillosis. Transplantation. 2014;97(3):351-7.

https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TP.0000437434.42851.d4

Lewis RE, Cahyame-Zuniga L, Leventakos K, Chamilos G, Ben-Ami R, Tamboli P, et al. Epidemiology and sites of involvement of invasive fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies: A 20-year autopsy study. Mycoses. 2013;56(6):638-45.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12081

Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ, Kurtzberg J, Small TN, Baden LR, et al. Randomized , double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2016;116(24):5111-9.

https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-02-268151

Marks DI, Pagliuca A, Kibbler CC, Heussel C, Kantecki M, Miller PJS, et al. Voriconazole versus itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis following allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Br J Haematol. 2011;155(3):318-27.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08838.x

Liu F, Wu T, Wang JB, Cao XY, Yin YM, Zhao YL, et al. Risk factors for recurrence of invasive fungal infection during secondary antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis. 2013;15(3):243-50.

https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12068

Gao L, Sun Y, Meng F, Han M, Huang H, Wu D, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis of patients undergoing allogenetic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in China : a multicenter prospective observational study. J Hematol Oncol. 2016;9:97.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-016-0305-y

Meersseman W, Vandecasteele SJ, Wilmer A, Verbeken E, Peetermans WE, Wijngaerden E Van. Invasive Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients without Malignancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(6):621-5.

https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200401-093OC

Denis B, Guiguet M, de Castro N, Mechaï F, Revest M, Melica G, et al. Relevance of EORTC Criteria for the Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis in HIV-Infected Patients, and Survival Trends Over a 20-Year Period in France. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(8):1273-80.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ492

Mylonakis E, Barlam TF, Flanigan T, Rich JD. Pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive disease in AIDS: review of 342 cases. Chest. 1998;114(1):251-62.

https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.114.1.251

Tissot F, Agrawal S, Pagano L, Petrikkos G, Groll AH, Skiada A, et al. ECIL-6 guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis and mucormycosis in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Haematologica. 2017;102(3):433-44.

https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2016.152900

Lionakis MS, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Breakthrough Invasive Mold Infections in the Hematology Patient : Current Concepts and Future Directions. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(10):1621-30.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy473

Chen C, Sheng W, Tien F. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of pulmonary invasive fungal infection among adult patients with hematological malignancy in a medical centre in Taiwan , 2008 e 2013. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(1):106-14.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2018.01.002

Park S, Kim K, Jang J, Kim S, Kim W, Chung D, et al. Randomized trial of micafungin versus fluconazole as prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. J Infect. 2016;

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2016.06.011

Ullmann AJ, Lipton JH, Vesole DH, Chandrasekar P, Langston A, Tarantolo SR, et al. Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graftversus- host disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(4):335-47.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa061098

Singh NM, Husain S, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Aspergillosis in Solid Organ Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Am J Transpl. 2013;13(Suppl 4):228-41.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12115

Bhaskaran A, Mumtaz K, Husain S. Anti-Aspergillus Prophylaxis in Lung Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2013;15(6):514-25.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-013-0380-y

Neoh CF, Snell GI, Kotsimbos T, Levvey B, Morrissey CO, Slavin MA, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis in lung transplantation--a world-wide survey. Am J Transpl. 2011;11(2):361-6.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03375.x

Peghin M, Monforte V, Ruiz-camps I, Gavald J, Berastegui C, Saez B, et al. 10 years of prophylaxis with nebulized liposomal amphotericin B and the changing epidemiology of Aspergillus spp . infection in lung transplantation. Transpl Int. 2016;29(1):51-62.

https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.12679

Reichenspurner H, Gamberg P, Nitschke M, Valantine H, Hunt S, Oyer PE, et al. Significant reduction in the number of fungal infections after lung-, heart-lung, and heart transplantation using aerosolized amphotericin B prophylaxis. Transpl Proc. 1997;29(1-2):627-8.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-1345(96)00363-6

Peláez T, Muñoz P, Guinea J, Valerio M, Giannella M, Klaassen CHW, et al. Outbreak of Invasive Aspergillosis After Major Heart Surgery Caused by Spores in the Air of the Intensive Care Unit. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(3):24-31.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir771

Muñoz P, Guinea J, Peláez T, Durán C, Blanco JL, Bouza E. Nosocomial invasive aspergillosis in a heart transplant patient acquired during a break in the HEPA air filtration system. Transpl Infect Dis. 2004;6(1):50-4.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2004.00047.x

Barchiesi F, Mazzocato S, Mazzanti S, Gesuita R, Skrami E, Fiorentini A, et al. Invasive Aspergillosis in Liver Transplant Recipients: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, Treatment, and Outcomes in 116 Cases. Liver Transpl. 2015;21(2):204-12.

https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.24032

Ohkubo T, Sugawara Y. The risk factors of fungal infection in living-donor liver transplantations. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2012;19:382-8.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00534-011-0423-4

Eschenauer GA, Kwak EJ, Humar A, Potoski BA, Clarke LG, Shields RK, et al. Targeted Versus Universal Antifungal Prophylaxis Among Liver Transplant Recipients. Am J Transpl. 2015;15(1):180-9.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12993

Muñoz P, Valerio M, Palomo J, Giannella M, Yañez JF, Desco M, et al. Targeted Antifungal Prophylaxis in Heart Transplant Recipients. Transplantation. 2013;96(7):664-9.

https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e31829e6d7b

Guinea J, Torres-Narbona M, Gijón P, Muñoz P, Pozo F, Peláez T, et al. Pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(7):870-7.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03015.x

Murray CK, Loo FL, Hospenthal DR, Cancio LC, Jones JA, Kim SH, et al. Incidence of systemic fungal infection and related mortality following severe burns. Burns. 2008;34:1108-12.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2008.04.007

Lindsay J, Sandaradura I, Wong K, Arthur C, Stevenson W, Kerridge I, et al. Serum levels , safety and tolerability of new formulation SUBAitraconazole prophylaxis in patients with haematological malignancy or undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(12):3414-9.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx295

Fontana L, Perlin DS, Zhao Y, Noble BN, Ii JSL, Strasfeld L, et al. Isavuconazole Prophylaxis in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;70(5):723-30.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz282

Rijnders BJ, Cornelissen JJ, Slobbe L, Becker MJ, Doorduijn JK, Hop WCJ, et al. Aerosolized Liposomal Amphotericin B for the Prevention of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis during Prolonged Neutropenia: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1401-8.

https://doi.org/10.1086/586739

Penack O, Schwartz S, Martus P, Reinwald M, Thiel E, Blau IW, et al. Lowdose liposomal amphotericin B in the prevention of invasive fungal infections in patients with prolonged neutropenia : results from a randomized, single-center trial. Ann Oncol. 2006;17(8):1306-12.

https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdl128

Behre GF, Schwartz S, Lenz K, Ludwig W-D, H. Wandt H, Schilling E, et al. Aerosol amphotericin B inhalations for prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic cancer patients. Ann Hematol. 1995;71:287-91.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01697981

Kelsey SM, Goldman JM, Mccann S, Newland AC, Scarffe JH, Oppenheim BA. Liposomal amphotericin ( AmBisome ) in the prophylaxis of fungal infections in neutropenic patients : a randomised , double-blind , placebocontrolled study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999;23:163-8.

https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1701543

Cornely O, Duarte R, Haider S, Chandrasekar P, Helfgott D, Jimenez J, et al. Phase 3 pharmacokinetics and safety study of a posaconazole Tablet formulation in patients at risk for invasive fungal disease. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:718-26.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkv380

Cornely O, Robertson M, Haider S, Grigg A, Geddes M, Aoun M, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety results from the Phase 3 randomized , openlabel, study of intravenous posaconazole in patients at risk of invasive fungal disease. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(12):3406-13.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx263

Auberger J, Lass-Florl C, Aigner M, Clausen J, Gastl G, Nachbaur D. Invasive fungal breakthrough infections, fungal colonization and emergence of resistant strains in high-risk patients receiving antifungal prophylaxis with posaconazole: real life data from a single centre institutional retrospective observational study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(9):2268-73.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks189

Morrissey CO, Gilroy NM, Macesic N, Walker P, Ananda-Rajah M, May M, et al. Consensus guidelines for the use of empiric and diagnostic driven antifungal treatment strategies in haematological malignancy , 2014. Intern Med J. 2014;44(12b):1298-314.

https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12596

Lee D, Kim S, Kim SY, Kim C, Park WB, Song YG. Evidence-Based Guidelines for Empirical Therapy of Neutropenic Fever in Korea. Korean J Intern Med. 2011;26(2):220-252.

https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2011.26.2.220

Chau MM, Kong DCM, Hal SJ Van, Urbancic K, Trubiano JA, Cassumbhoy M, et al. Consensus guidelines for optimising antifungal drug delivery and monitoring to avoid toxicity and improve outcomes in patients with haematological malignancy , 2014. Intern Med J. 2014;44(12b):1364-88.

https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12600

Maertens JA, Blennow O, Duarte RF, Munoz P. The current management landscape: Aspergillosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(v):ii23-9.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw393

Patterson TF, Donnelly JP. New concepts in diagnostics for invasive mycoses: Non culture based methodologies. J Fungi. 2019;5(1):1-9.

https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5010009

Hamdy RF, Zaoutis TE, Seo SK. Antifungal stewardship considerations for adults and pediatrics. Virulence. 2017 Aug; 8(6):658-72.

https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2016.1226721

Cornely OA, Maertens J, Bresnik M, Ullmann AJ, Ebrahimi R, Herbrecht R. Treatment outcome of invasive mould disease after sequential exposure to azoles and liposomal amphotericin B. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(1):114-7.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp397

Leventakos K, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Fungal Infections in Leukemia Patients : How Do We Prevent and Treat Them? Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50: 405-15.

https://doi.org/10.1086/649879

Urbancic KF, Thursky K, Kong DCM, Johnson PD, Slavin MA. Antifungal stewardship : developments in the field. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2018;31(6):490-8.

https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000497

Cornely OA, Maertens J, Bresnik M, Ullmann AJ, Ebrahimi R, Herbrecht R. Treatment outcome of invasive mould disease after sequential exposure to azoles and liposomal amphotericin B. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(1):114-7.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp397

Leventakos K, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Fungal Infections in Leukemia Patients : How Do We Prevent and Treat Them? Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50: 405-15.

https://doi.org/10.1086/649879

Cuenca Estrella M. Antifungicos en el tratamiento de las infecciones sistemicas: importancia del mecanismo de accion, espectro de actividad y resistencias. Rev Esp Quim. 2010;23(4):169-76.

Cornely OA, Maertens J, Bresnik M, Ebrahimi R, Dellow E, Herbrecht R, et al. Efficacy outcomes in a randomised trial of liposomal amphotericin B based on revised 2008 definitions of invasive mould disease. Mycoses. 2011; 54: e 449 - e 455.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01947.x

Lafaurie M, Lapalu J, Raffoux E, Breton B, Lacroix C, Socie G, et al. High rate of breakthrough invasive aspergillosis among patients receiving caspofungin for persistent fever and neutropenia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(8):1191-6.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03050.x

Ruiz-Camps I, Jarque I. Enfermedad fungica invasora por hongos filamentosos en pacientes hematologicos. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2014;31(4):249-54.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2014.06.002

Drgona L, Khachatryan A, Stephens J, Charbonneau C, Kantecki M, Haider S, et al. Clinical and economic burden of invasive fungal diseases in Europe : focus on pre-emptive and empirical treatment of Aspergillus and Candida species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33:7-21.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-013-1944-3

Orlowski HLP, McWilliams S, Mellnick VM, Bhalla S, Lubner MG, Pickhardt PJ, et al. Imaging spectrum of invasive fungal and fungal like infections. Radiographics. 2017;37(4):1119-34.

https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2017160110

Caillot BD, Couaillier J, Bernard A, Casasnovas O, Denning DW, Mannone L, et al. Increasing Volume and Changing Characteristics of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis on Sequential Thoracic Computed Tomography Scans in Patients With Neutropenia. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(1):253-9.

https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.1.253

Vehreschild JJ, Heussel CP, Groll AH, Vehreschild MJGT. Serial assessment of pulmonary lesion volume by computed tomography allows survival prediction in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Eur Radiol. 2017;27(8):3275-82.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-016-4717-4

Donnelly JP, Chen SC, Kauffman CA, Steinbach WJ, Baddley JW, Verweij PE, et al. Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease From the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(6):1367-76.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1008

Powers Fletcher M, Hanson KE. Nonculture Diagnostics in Fungal Disease. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2016;30(1):37-49.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2015.10.005

Tortorano AM, Richardson M, Roilides E, van Diepeningen A, Caira M, Munoz P, et al. ESCMID and ECMM joint guidelines on diagnosis and management of hyalohyphomycosis: Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp. and others. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(S3):27-46.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12465

Lamoth F, Calandra T. Early diagnosis of invasive mould infections and disease. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:i19-28.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx030

Ruhnke M, Behre G, Buchheidt D, Christopeit M, Hamprecht A, Heinz W, et al. Diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases in haematology and oncology: 2018 update of the recommendations of the infectious diseases working party of the German society for hematology and medical oncology (AGIHO). Mycoses. 2018;61(11):796-813.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12838

Bartoletti M, Pascale R, Cricca M, Rinaldi M, Maccaro A, Bussini L, et al. Epidemiology of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis among Covid19 intubated patients: a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;

Care I, Rutsaert L, Steinfort N, Hunsel T Van, Bomans P, Naesens R, et al. Covid19 associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;0-3.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00686-4

Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Alcazar-Fuoli L, Cuenca-Estrella M. Antifungal susceptibility profile of cryptic species of Aspergillus. Mycopathologia. 2014;178(5-6):427-33.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-014-9775-z

Fortun J, Carratala J, Gavalda J, Lizasoain M, Salavert M, de la Cámara R, et al. Recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento de la enfermedad fúngica invasiva por Aspergillus spp. y otros hongos filamentosos de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC). Actualización 2011. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2011 Jun;29(6):435-54.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2011.01.010

Bassetti M, Bouza E. Invasive mould infections in the ICU setting : complexities and solutions. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72((suppl_1)):i39-47.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx032

Nucci M. Use of antifungal drugs in hematology. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2012;34(5):383-91.

https://doi.org/10.5581/1516-8484.20120095

EORTC lNTERNATlONAL ANTlMlCROBlAL THERAPY COOPERATIVE GROUP. Empiric antifungal therapy in febrile granulocytopenic patients. Am J Med. 1989;86(6 Pt 1):668-72.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(89)90441-5

Pizzo P, Robichaud K, Gill F, Witebsk F. Empiric Antibiotic and Antifungal Therapy for Cancer Patients with Prolonged Fever and Granulocytopenia. Am J Med. 1982;72(1):101-11.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(82)90594-0

Dib RW, Hachem RY, Chaftari A, Ghaly F, Jiang Y, Raad I. Treating invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancy : diagnostic- driven approach versus empiric therapies. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):656.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3584-9

Rabagliati R. Update in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of invasive aspergillosis in adult population. Rev Chil Infectol. 2018;35(5):531-44.

https://doi.org/10.4067/s0716-10182018000500531

Lehrnbecher T, Robinson P, Fisher B, Alexander S, Ammann RA, Beauchemin M, et al. Guideline for the management of fever and neutropenia in children with cancer and hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation recipients: 2017 update. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(18):2082-94.

https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.71.7017

Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, Herbrecht R, Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: Clinical practice guidelines of the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(3):327-60.

https://doi.org/10.1086/525258

Maertens J, Marchetti O, Herbrecht R, Cornely OA, Flückiger U, Gachot B, et al. European guidelines for antifungal management in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients : summary of the ECIL 3 - 2009 Update. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46(5):709-18.

https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2010.175

Verweij PE, Ananda-Rajah M, Andes D, Arendrup MC, Brüggemann RJ, Chowdhary A, et al. International expert opinion on the management of infection caused by azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. Drug Resist Updat. 2015;21-22:30-40.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drup.2015.08.001

Ashbee HR, Barnes RA, Johnson EM, Richardson MD, Gorton R, Hope WW. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antifungal agents: Guidelines from the british society for medical mycology. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(5):1162-76.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt508

Park WB, Kim NH, Kim KH, Lee SH, Nam WS, Yoon SH, et al. The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on safety and efficacy of voriconazole in invasive fungal infections: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(8):1080-7.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis599

Rivas P, Pemán J, Córdoba J, Melhem M, editors. Aproximación clínicodiagnóstica de la enfermedad fúngica invasora. Bogotá: Pfizer SAS; 2014.

Libanore M, Prini E, Mazzetti M, Barchi E, Raise E, Gritti FM, et al. Invasive Aspergillosis in Italian AIDS Patients. Infection. 2002;30(6):341-5.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-002-2033-1

Moreno A, Perez-Elías M, Casado J, Navas E, Pintado V, Fortún J, et al. Role of Antiretroviral Therapy in Long-Term Survival of Patients with AIDS-Related Pulmonary Aspergillosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;19:688-93.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s100960000347

Cornely OA, Arikan-Akdagli S, Dannaoui E, Groll AH, Lagrou K, Chakrabarti A, et al. ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis 2013. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(S3):5-26.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12371

Candel FJ, Peñuelas M, Tabares C, Garcia-Vidal C, Matesanz M, Salavert M, et al. Fungal infections following treatment with monoclonal antibodies and other immunomodulatory therapies. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2020;37(1):5-16.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2019.09.001

Baddley JW, Andes DR, Marr KA, Kontoyiannis DP, Alexander D, Kauffman CA, et al. Factors associated with mortality in transplant patients with invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(12):1559-67.

https://doi.org/10.1086/652768

Andes D, Pascual A, Marchetti O. Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring: established and emerging indications. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(1):24-34.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00705-08

Luong M, Al-dabbagh M, Groll AH, Racil Z, Nannya Y, Mitsani D, et al. Utility of voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(7):1786-99.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw099

Hamada Y, Seto Y, Yago K, Kuroyama M. Investigation and threshold of optimum blood concentration of voriconazole: a descriptive statistical meta-analysis. J Infect Chemother. 2012;18(4):501-7.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10156-011-0363-6

Desai A, Kovanda L, Hope W, Andes D, Mouton J, Kowalski D, et al. Exposure-Response Relationships for Isavuconazole in Patients with Invasive Aspergillosis and Other Filamentous Fungi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(12):e01034-17.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01034-17

Walsh TJ, Raad I, Patterson TF, Chandrasekar P, Donowitz GR, Graybill R, et al. Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with posaconazole in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of conventional therapy: An externally controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(1):2-12.

https://doi.org/10.1086/508774

Hachem RY, Langston AA, Graybill JR, Perfect JR, Pedicone LD, Patino H, et al. Posaconazole as salvage treatment of invasive fungal infections in patients with underlying renal impairment. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62(6):1386-91.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn401

Singh N, Wagener MM, Cacciarelli T V. Antifungal management practices in liver transplant recipients. Am J Transpl. 2008;8(2):426-31.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.02089.x

Aguado JM, Varo E, Usetti P, Pozo JC, Moreno A, Catalán M, et al. Safety of anidulafungin in solid organ transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2012;18:680-5.

https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.23410

Winkler M, Pratschke J, Schulz U, Zheng S, Zhang M, Li W, et al. Caspofungin for post solid organ transplant invasive fungal disease: results of a retrospective observational study. Transpl Infect Dis. 2010;12(3):230-237.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2009.00490.x

Alexander B, Perfect J, Daly J, Restrepo A, Tobón A, Patino H, et al. Posaconazole as salvage therapy in patients with invasive fungal infections after solid organ transplant. Transplantation. 2008;86(6):791-6.

https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3181837585

Shoham S, Ostrander D, Marr K. Posaconazole liquid suspension in solid organ transplant recipients previously treated with voriconazole. Transpl Infect Dis. 2015;17(3):493-6.

https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12389

Reischies F, Hoenigl M. The role of surgical debridement in different clinical manifestations of invasive aspergillosis. Mycoses. 2014;57 Suppl 2(i):1-14.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12224

Dohen-Bécue F, Salez F, Ramon P, Leblond-Tillie I, Wallaert B, Bauters A, et al. Management of hemoptysis in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Rev Mal Respir. 1998;15(6):791-6.

Estcourt LJ, Stanworth S, Doree C, Blanco P, Hopewell S, Trivella M, et al. Granulocyte transfusions for preventing infections in people with neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(6).

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005341.pub3

West KA, Gea-Banacloche J, Stroncek D, Kadri SS. Granulocyte transfusions in the management of invasive fungal infections. Vol. 177, British Journal of Haematology. 2017. p. 357-74.

https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14597

Price TH, Boeckh M, Harrison RW, McCullough J, Ness PM, Strauss RG, et al. Efficacy of transfusion with granulocytes from G-CSF/ dexamethasone-treated donors in neutropenic patients with infection. Blood. 2015;126(18):2153-61.

https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-05-645986

Kuderer NM, Dale DC, Crawford J, Lyman GH. Impact of primary prophylaxiswith granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on febrile neutropenia and mortality in adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: A systematic review. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(21):3158-67.

https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.08.8823

Gallamini A, Zaja F, Patti C, Billio A, Specchia MR, Tucci A, et al. Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) and CHOP chemotherapy as first-line treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma: Results of a GITIL (Gruppo Italiano Terapie Innovative nei Linfomi) prospective multicenter trial. Blood. 2007;110(7):2316-23.

https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-02-074641

Caselli D, Cesaro S, Ziino O, Ragusa P, Pontillo A, Pegoraro A, et al. A prospective, randomized study of empirical antifungal therapy for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in children. Br J Haematol. 2012;158(2):249-55.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09156.x

El-Cheikh J, Castagna L, Wang L, Esterni B, Faucher C, Fürst S, et al. Impact of prior invasive aspergillosis on outcome in patients receiving reducedintensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010;51(9):1-6.

https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2010.500433

Salavert-Lletía M, Zaragoza-Crespo R. Papel futuro de la micafungina en el tratamiento de las micosis invasoras por hongos filamentosos. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2009;26(1):81-9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1130-1406(09)70015-4

Nucci M, Anaissie E. How we treat invasive fungal diseases in patients with acute leukemia: The importance of an individualized approach. Vol. 124, Blood. 2014. p. 3858-69.

https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-04-516211

Wingard JR. Learning from our failures: The antifungal treatment conundrum. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(9):1434-5.

https://doi.org/10.1086/587102

Bennett JE. Salvage therapy for aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(6 SUPPL.):S387-8.

https://doi.org/10.1086/430921

Dockrell DH. Salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61(SUPPL. 1):41-4.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkm426

Almyroudis NG, Kontoyiannis DP, Sepkowitz KA, DePauw BE, Walsh TJ, Segal BH. Issues related to the design and interpretation of clinical trials of salvage therapy for invasive mold infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(11):1449-55.

https://doi.org/10.1086/508455

Pauw B De, Thomas J. Walsha, Donnellya JP, Stevens D a., Edwards JE, Calandra T, et al. Revised Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(12):1813-21.

https://doi.org/10.1086/588660

Panackal AA, Parisini E, Proschan M. Salvage combination antifungal therapy for acute invasive aspergillosis may improve outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;28:80-94.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.07.007

Singh N, Limaye AP, Forrest G, Safdar N, Muñoz P, Pursell K, et al. Combination of voriconazole and caspofungin as primary therapy for invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients: A prospective, multicenter, observational study. Transplantation. 2006;81(3):320-6.

https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000202421.94822.f7

Marr KA, Schlamm HT, Herbrecht R, Rottinghaus ST, Bow EJ, Cornely OA, et al. Combination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(2):81-9.

https://doi.org/10.7326/M13-2508

Martín-Peña A, Aguilar-Guisado M, Espigado I, Cisneros JM. Antifungal combination therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(10):1437-45.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu581

Wirk B, Wingard JR. Combination antifungal therapy: From bench to bedside. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2008;10(6):466-72.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-008-0076-x

Garbati MA, Alasmari FA, Al-Tannir MA, Tleyjeh IM. The role of combination antifungal therapy in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis: A systematic review. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16(2):e76-81.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2011.10.004

Wattier RL, Dvorak CC, Hoffman JA, Brozovich AA, Bin-Hussain I, Groll AH, et al. A Prospective, international cohort study of invasive mold infections in children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2015;4(4):313-22.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piu074

Schwartz S, Reisman A, Troke PF. The efficacy of voriconazole in the treatment of 192 fungal central nervous system infections: A retrospective analysis. Infection. 2011;39(3):201-10.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-011-0108-6

Warris A, Lehrnbecher T, Roilides E, Castagnola E, Brüggemann RJM, Groll AH. ESCMID-ECMM guideline: diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis in neonates and children. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(9):1096-113.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.05.019

Burgos A, Zaoutis TE, Dvorak CC, Hoffman JA, Knapp KM, Nania JJ, et al. Pediatric invasive aspergillosis: A multicenter retrospective analysis of 139 contemporary cases. Pediatrics. 2008;121(5).

https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2117

Archibald S, Park J, Geyer JR, Hawkins DS. Computed tomography in the evaluation of febrile neutropenic pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20(1):5-10.

https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200101000-00002

Thomas KE, Owens CM, Veys PA, Novelli V, Costoli V. The radiological spectrum of invasive aspergillosis in children: A 10-year review. Pediatr Radiol. 2003;33(7):453-60.

https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025509315400

Katragkou A, Fisher BT, Groll AH, Roilides E, Walsh TJ. Diagnostic Imaging and Invasive Fungal Diseases in Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2017;6(1):S22-31.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/pix055

Middlebrooks EH, Frost CJ, De Jesus RO, Massini TC, Schmalfuss IM, Mancuso AA. Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis: A comprehensive update of CT findings and design of an effective diagnostic imaging model. Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36(8):1529-35.

https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4298

Ashdown B, Tien R, Felsberg G. Aspergillosis of the brain and paranasal sinuses in immunocompromised patients: CT and MR imaging findings. Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162(1):155-9.

https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.162.1.8273655

Gabelmann A, Klein S, Kern W, Krüger S, Brambs HJ, Rieber-Brambs A, et al. Relevant imaging findings of cerebral aspergillosis on MRI: A retrospective case-based study in immunocompromised patients. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14(5):548-55.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01755.x

Starkey J, Moritani T, Kirby P. MRI of CNS fungal infections: review of aspergillosis to histoplasmosis and everything in between. Clin Neuroradiol. 2014;24(3):217-30.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00062-014-0305-7

Yamada K, Shrier DA, Rubio A, Shan Y, Zoarski GH, Yoshiura T, et al. Imaging findings in intracranial aspergillosis. Acad Radiol. 2002;9(2):163-71.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1076-6332(03)80166-6

Kourkoumpetis TK, Desalermos A, Muhammed M, Mylonakis E. Central nervous system aspergillosis: A series of 14 cases from a general hospital and review of 123 cases from the literature. Med. 2012;91(6):328-36.

https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0b013e318274cd77

Siddiqui AA, Bashir SH, Ali Shah A, Sajjad Z, Ahmed N, Jooma R, et al. Diagnostic MR imaging features of craniocerebral Aspergillosis of sinonasal origin in immunocompetent patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2006;148(2):155-66.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-005-0659-3

Lehrnbecher T, Robinson PD, Fisher BT, Castagnola E, Groll AH, Steinbach WJ, et al. Galactomannan, Beta-D-Glucan, and Polymerase Chain Reaction- Based Assays for the Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Disease in Pediatric Cancer and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(10):1340-8.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw592

Mennink-Kersten MASH, Ruegebrink D, Klont RR, Warris A, Gavini F, Op Den Camp HJM, et al. Bifidobacterial lipoglycan as a new cause for false-positive Platelia Aspergillus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reactivity. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(8):3925-31.

https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.8.3925-3931.2005

Badiee P, Alborzi A, Karimi M, Pourabbas B, Haddadi P, Mardaneh J, et al. Diagnostic potential of nested PCR, galactomannan EIA, and beta-Dglucan for invasive aspergillosis in pediatric patients. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2012;6(4):352-7.

https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2110

Koltze A, Rath P, Schoning S, Steinmann J, Wichelhaus TA, Bader P, et al. Beta-D-glucan screening for detection of invasive fungal disease in children undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(8):2605-10.

https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00747-15

Armenian SH, Nash KA, Kapoor N, Franklin JL, Gaynon PS, Ross LA, et al. Prospective monitoring for invasive aspergillosis using galactomannan and polymerase chain reaction in high risk pediatric patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009;31(12):920-6.

https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181b83e77

El-Mahallawy HA, Shaker HH, Ali Helmy H, Mostafa T, Abo-Sedah AR. Evaluation of pan-fungal PCR assay and Aspergillus antigen detection in the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in high risk paediatric cáncer patients. Med Mycol. 2006;44(8):733-9.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780600939955

Cesaro S, Stenghele C, Calore E, Franchin E, Cerbaro I, Cusinato R, et al. Assessment of the lightcycler PCR assay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in paediatric patients with onco-haematological diseases. Mycoses. 2008;51(6):497-504.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01512.x

Landlinger C, Preuner S, Bašková L, Van Grotel M, Hartwig NG, Dworzak M, et al. Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections by a real-time panfungal PCR assay in immunocompromised pediatric patients. Leukemia. 2010;24(12):2032-8.

https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2010.209

Mandhaniya S, Iqbal S, Sharawat SK, Xess I, Bakhshi S. Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections using real-time PCR assay in paediatric acute leukaemia induction. Mycoses. 2012;55(4):372-9.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02157.x

Reinwald M, Konietzka CAM, Kolve H, Uhlenbrock S, Ahlke E, Hummel M, et al. Assessment of Aspergillus-specific PCR as a screening method for invasive aspergillosis in paediatric cancer patients and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell recipients with suspected infections. Mycoses. 2014;57(9):537-43.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12192

Hummel M, Spiess B, Roder J, Von Komorowski G, Dürken M, Kentouche K, et al. Detection of Aspergillus DNA by a nested PCR assay is able to improve the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in paediatric patients. J Med Microbiol. 2009;58(10):1291-7.

https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.007393-0

Fortún J, Martín-Dávila P, Sánchez MA, Pintado V, Alvarez ME, Sánchez- Sousa A, et al. Voriconazole in the treatment of invasive mold infections in transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;22(7):408-13.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-003-0960-0

Taccone A, Occhi M, Garaventa A, Manfredini L, Viscoli C. CT of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in children with cancer. Pediatr Radiol. 1993;23(3):177-80.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02013825

Wallace JM, Lim R, Browdy BL, Hopewell PC, Glassroth J, Rosen MJ, et al. Risk factors and outcomes associated with identification of Aspergillus in respiratory specimens from persons with HIV disease. Chest. 1998;114(1):131-7.

https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.114.1.131

Friberg LE, Ravva P, Karlsson MO, Liu P. Integrated population pharmacokinetic analysis of voriconazole in children, adolescents, and adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(6):3032-42.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05761-11

Bruggemann RJM, Aarnoutse RE. Fundament and prerequisites for the application of an antifungal TDM service. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2015;9(2):122-9.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-015-0224-3

Groll AH, Castagnola E, Cesaro S, Dalle JH, Engelhard D, Hope W, et al. Fourth European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-4): Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of invasive fungal diseases in paediatric patients with cancer or allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(8):e327-40.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70017-8

Wieland T, Liebold A, Jagiello M, Retzl G, Birnbaum DE. Superiority of voriconazole over amphotericin B in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis after heart transplantation. J Hear Lung Transplant. 2005;24(1):102-4.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2003.10.014

Veroux M, Corona D, Gagliano M, Sorbello M, Macarone M, Cutuli M, et al. Voriconazole in the Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc. 2007;39(6):1838-40.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.05.012

Bassetti M, Scudeller L, Giacobbe DR, Lamoth F, Righi E, Zuccaro V, et al. Developing definitions for invasive fungal diseases in critically ill adult patients in intensive care units. Protocol of the FUNgal infections Definitions in ICU patients (FUNDICU) project. Mycoses. 2019;62(4):310-9.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12869

Denning D, Follansbee S, Scolaro M, Norris S, Edelstein H, Stevens D. Pulmonary aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(10):654-62.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199103073241003

Beauté J, Obenga G, Le Mignot L, Mahlaoui N, Bougnoux ME, Mouy R, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of invasive fungal diseases in patients with chronic granulomatous disease: A multicenter study in France. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30(1):57-62.

https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181f13b23

Maertens J, Egerer G, Shin WS, Reichert D, Stek M, Chandwani S, et al. Caspofungin use in daily clinical practice for treatment of invasive aspergillosis: Results of a prospective observational registry. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10.

https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-182

Walsh TJ, Hiemenz JW, Seibel NL, Perfect JR, Horwith G, Lee L, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: Analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26(6):1383-96.

https://doi.org/10.1086/516353

Segal BH, Barnhart LA, Anderson VL, Walsh TJ, Malech HL, Holland SM. Posaconazole as salvage therapy in patients with chronic granulomatous disease and invasive filamentous fungal infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(3):433-44.

Blumental S, Mouy R, Mahlaoui N, Bougnoux ME, Debré M, Beauté J, et al. Invasive mold infections in chronic granulomatous disease: A 25-year retrospective survey. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(12).

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir731

Henriet S, Verweij PE, Holland SM, Warris A. Invasive fungal infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;764:27-55.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4726-9_3

Verweij PE, Varga J, Houbraken J, Rijs AJMM, VerduynLunel FM, Blijlevens NMA, et al. Emericella quadrilineata as cause of invasive aspergillosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(4):566-72.

https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1404.071157

Sugui JA, Peterson SW, Clark LP, Nardone G, Folio L, Riedlinger G, et al. Aspergillus tanneri sp. nov., a new pathogen that causes invasive disease refractory to antifungal therapy. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(10):3309-17.

https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01509-12

Vinh DC, Shea YR, Sugui JA, Parrilla-Castellar ER, Freeman AF, William Campbell J, et al. Invasive Aspergillosis Due to Neosartorya udagawae. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(1):102-11.

https://doi.org/10.1086/599345

Papouli M, Roilides E, Bibashi E, Andreou A. Primary cutaneous aspergillosis in neonates: Case report and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22(6):1102-4.

https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/22.6.1102

Scarcella A, Pasquariello MB, Giugliano B, Vendemmia M, De Lucia A. Liposomal amphotericin B treatment for neonatal fungal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17(2):146-8.

https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199802000-00013

Karadag-Oncel E, Ozsurekci Y, Yurdakok M, Kara A. Is liposomal amphotericin B really safety in neonates? Early Hum Dev. 2013;89(1):35-6. 239. Starke J, Mason Jr E, Kramer W, Kaplan S. Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in children. J Infect Dis. 1987;155(4):766-74.

https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/155.4.766

Benson J, Nahata MC. Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989;33(11):1989-93.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.33.11.1989

Le J, Adler-Shohet FC, Nguyen C, Lieberman JM. Nephrotoxicity associated with amphotericin B deoxycholate in neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(12):1061-3.

https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181af6201

Würthwein G, Groll AH, Hempel G, Adler-Shohet FC, Lieberman JM, Walsh TJ. Population pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex in neonates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(12):5092-8.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.12.5092-5098.2005

Celik IH, Demirel G, Oguz SS, Uras N, Erdeve O, Dilmen U. Compassionate use of voriconazole in newborn infants diagnosed with severe invasive fungal sepsis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17(6):729-34.

Smith PB, Walsh TJ, Hope W, Arrieta A, Takada A, Kovanda LL, et al. Pharmacokinetics of an Elevated Dosage of Micafungin in Premature Neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(5):412-5.

https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181910e2d

Sáez-Llorens X, Macias M, Maiya P, Pineros J, Jafri HS, Chatterjee A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of caspofungin in neonates and infants less than 3 months of age. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(3):869-75.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00868-08

Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Benjamin Jr DK, Piper L, Cheifetz IM, Moran C, Liu P, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of multiple-dose anidulafungin in infants and neonates. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89(5):702-707.

https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2011.26

Thio C, Smith D, Merz W, Streifel A, Bova G, Gay L, et al. Refinements of environmental assessment during an outbreak investigation of invasive aspergillosis in a leukemia and bone marrow transplant unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21(1):18-23.

https://doi.org/10.1086/501691

Hahn T, Cummings K, Michalek A, Lipman B, Segal B, McCarthy Jr P. Efficacy of high-efficiency particulate air filtration in preventing aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(9):525-31.

https://doi.org/10.1086/502101

Maschmeyer G, Neuburger S, Fritz L, Bohme A, Penack O, Schwerdtfeger R, et al. A prospective, randomised study on the use of well-fitting masks for prevention of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk patients. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(9):1560-4.

https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdp034

R-P. Vonberg, Gastmeier P. Nosocomial aspergillosis in outbreak settings. J Hosp Infect. 2006;63(3):246-54.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2006.02.014

Alvarez-Moreno CA, Combariza JF. Risk of invasive fungal infections during hospital construction: How to minimize its impact in immunocompromised patients. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2019;32(4):322-9.

https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000566

Etienne KA, Subudhi CPK, Chadwick PR, Settle P, Moise J, Magill SS, et al. Investigation of a cluster of cutaneous aspergillosis in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 2011;79(4):344-8.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2011.06.012

Lee LD, Hachem RY, Berkheiser M, Hackett B, Jiang Y, Raad II. Hospital environment and invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancy. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(3):247-9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2011.03.031

Yokoe D, Casper C, Dubberke E, Lee G, Muñoz P, Palmore T, et al. Infection prevention and control in health-care facilities in which hematopoietic cell transplant recipients are treated. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009;44(8):495-507.

https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2009.261

Tablen OC, Anderson LJ, Besser R, Bridges C, Hajjeh R. Guidelines for preventing health-care--associated pneumonia, 2003: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004;53:1-36.

American Institute of Architects Facility Guidelines Institute. Guidelines for design and construction of hospital and health care facilities. AAoAfH, US Dept of Health & Human Services. Washington, DC. 2006;

Kanamori H, Rutala W, Sickbert-Bennett E, Weber D. Review of fungal outbreaks and infection prevention in healthcare settings during construction and renovation. 2015;55(4):425-30.

Menzin J, Meyers JL, Friedman M, Perfect JR, Langston AA, Danna RP, et al. Mortality, length of hospitalization, and costs associated with invasive fungal infections in high-risk patients. Am J Heal Pharm. 2009;66(19):1711-7.

https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp080325

Grupo de trabajo de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública e Higiene y el INSALUD. Recomendaciones para la Verificación de la Bioseguridad Ambiental (BSA) respecto a Hongos Oportunistas. http://www.mpsp.org/mpsp/Documentos/Otros/bioseg.htm. 2000;1-12.

Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H, Gress R, Sepkowitz K, Storek J, et al. Guidelines for Preventing Infectious Complications among Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients: A Global Perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15(10):1143-238.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.06.019

Méheust D, Le Cann P, Reboux G, Millon L, Gangneux JP. Indoor fungal contamination: Health risks and measurement methods in hospitals, homes and workplaces. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2014;40(3):248-60.

https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2013.777687

Fournel I, Sautour M, Lafon I, Sixt N, L'Ollivier C, Dalle F, et al. Airborne Aspergillus contamination during hospital construction works: Efficacy of protective measures. Am J Infect Control. 2010;38(3):189-94.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2009.07.011

Raad I, Hanna H, Osting C, Hachem R, Umphrey J, Tarrand J, et al. Masking of Neutropenic Patients on Transport From Hospital Rooms Is Associated With a Decrease in Nosocomial Aspergillosis During Construction. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(1):41-3.

https://doi.org/10.1086/501967

Ijaz MK, Zargar B, Wright KE, Rubino JR, Sattar SA. Generic aspects of the airborne spread of human pathogens indoors and emerging air decontamination technologies. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(9 Suppl):S109-S120.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.06.008

Bouza E, Peláez T, Pérez-Molina J, Marín M, Alcalá L, Padilla B, et al. Demolition of a hospital building by controlled explosion: The impact on filamentous fungal load in internal and external air. J Hosp Infect. 2002;52(4):234-42.

https://doi.org/10.1053/jhin.2002.1316

Lamoth F. Galactomannan and 1,3-Beta-d-glucan testing for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Fungi. 2016;2(3):1-8.

https://doi.org/10.3390/jof2030022

Agrawal S, Barnes R, Bruggemann RJ, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Warris A. The role of the multidisciplinary team in antifungal stewardship. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:ii37-42.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw395

Munoz P, Bouza E, Alonso R, Anaya F, Banares R, Bustinza A, et al. The current treatment landscape: The need for antifungal stewardship programmes. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:ii5-12.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw391

Asociación Colombiana de Infectologia. Lineamientos técnicos para la implementación de programas de optimización de antimicrobianos en el escenario hospitalario y ambulatorio [Internet]. 2019. p. 1-59. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/ET/lineamientos- optimizacion-uso-antimicrobianos.pdf

Bienvenu AL, Argaud L, Aubrun F, Fellahi JL, Guerin C, Javouhey E, et al. A systematic review of interventions and performance measures for antifungal stewardship programmes. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Feb;73(2):297-305.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx388

Osorio-Lombana JP, Cuervo-Maldonado SI, López-Mora MJ, Gómez-Rincón JC. Prescripción inapropiada de antifúngicos y la necesidad de programas para su uso racional. Rev Chil infectología. 2019 Aug;36(4):403-13.

https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182019000400403

Maschmeyer G, Heinz WJ, Hertenstein B, Horst HA, Requadt C, Wagner T, et al. Immediate versus deferred empirical antifungal (IDEA) therapy in high-risk patients with febrile neutropenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;32(5):679-89.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-012-1794-4

Aguado J, Vázquez L, Fernández-Ruiz M, Villaescusa T, Ruiz-Camps I, Barba P, et al. Serum galactomannan versus a combination of galactomannan and PCR-based Aspergillus DNA detection for early therapy of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk hematological patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(3):405-14.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu833

Walsh TJ, Finberg RW, Arndt C, Hiemenz J, Schwartz C, Bodensteiner D, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(10):764-71.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199903113401004

Barnes RA, White PL, Bygrave C, Evans N, Healy B, Kell J. Clinical impact of enhanced diagnosis of invasive fungal disease in high-risk haematology and stem cell transplant patients. J Clin Pathol. 2009;62(1):64-9.

https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2008.058354

Cordonnier C, Botterel F, Ben Amor R, Pautas C, Maury S, Kuentz M, et al. Correlation between galactomannan antigen levels in serum and neutrophil counts in haematological patients with invasive aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(1):81-6.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02122.x

Barberán J, Mensa J, Llamas JCV, Ramos IJ, Ruiz JCG, Marín JRC, et al. Recommendations for the treatment of invasive fungal infection caused by filamentous fungi in the hematological patient. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2011;24(4):263-70.

Micallef C, Ashiru-Oredope D, Hansraj S, Denning DW, Agrawal SG, Manuel RJ, et al. An investigation of antifungal stewardship programmes in England. J Med Microbiol. 2017;66(11):1581-9.

https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000612

Brotherton AL. Metrics of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs. Med Clin North Am. 2018 Sep;102(5):965-76.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2018.05.008

Barlam TF, Cosgrove SE, Abbo LM, MacDougall C, Schuetz AN, Septimus EJ, et al. Implementing an Antibiotic Stewardship Program: Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 May;62(10):e51-77.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw118

Lerolle N, Raffoux E, Socie G, Touratier S, Sauvageon H, Porcher R, et al. Breakthrough invasive fungal disease in patients receiving posaconazole primary prophylaxis: A 4-year study. Clin Microbiol Infect.

;20(11):O952-9.

Fung M, Schwartz BS, Doernberg SB, Langelier C, Lo M, Graff L, et al. Breakthrough Invasive Fungal Infections on Isavuconazole Prophylaxis and Treatment: What Is Happening in the Real-World Setting? Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(7):1142-3.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy260

Winston DJ, Limaye AP, Pelletier S, Safdar N, Morris MI, Meneses K, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of anidulafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in high-risk liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2014;14(12):2758-64.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12963

Saliba F, Pascher A, Cointault O, Laterre PF, Cervera C, De Waele JJ, et al. Randomized trial of micafungin for the prevention of invasive fungal infection in high-risk liver transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(7):997-1006.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu1128

Cordonnier C, Pautas C, Maury S, Vekhoff A, Farhat H, Suarez F, et al. Empirical versus Preemptive Antifungal Therapy for High-Risk , Febrile , Neutropenic Patients : A Randomized , Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(8):1042-51.

https://doi.org/10.1086/597395

Girmenia C, Micozzi A, Gentile G, Santilli S, Arleo E, Cardarelli L, et al. Clinically driven diagnostic antifungal approach in neutropenic patients: a prospective feasibility study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(4):667-74.

https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.21.8032

Pagano L, Caira M, Nosari A, Cattaneo C, Fanci R, Bonini A, et al. The use and efficacy of empirical versus pre-emptive therapy in the management of fungal infections : the HEMA e-Chart Project. Haematologica. 2011;96(9):1366-70.

https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2011.042598

Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verhoef G, Verschakelen J, Lagrou K, Verbeken E, et al. Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: a prospective feasibility study. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(9):1242-50.

https://doi.org/10.1086/496927

Freemantle N, Tharmanathan P, Herbrecht R. Systematic review and mixed treatment comparison of randomized evidence for empirical, preemptive and directed treatment strategies for invasive mould disease. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;66(Supplement 1):i25-i35.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq439

Morrissey CO, Chen SCA, Sorrell TC, Milliken S, Bardy PG, Bradstock KF, et al. Galactomannan and PCR versus culture and histology for directing use of antifungal treatment for invasive aspergillosis in high-risk haematology patients: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(6):519-28.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70076-8

White PL, Wingard JR, Bretagne S, Loffler J, Patterson TF, Slavin MA, et al. Aspergillus Polymerase Chain Reaction: Systematic Review of Evidence for Clinical Use in Comparison with Antigen Testing. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(8):1293-303.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ507

Segal BH, Almyroudis NG, Battiwalla M, Herbrecht R, Perfect JR, Walsh TJ, et al. Prevention and early treatment of invasive fungal infection in patients with cancer and neutropenia and in stem cell transplant recipients in the era of newer broad-spectrum antifungal agents and diagnostic adjuncts. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(3):402-9.

https://doi.org/10.1086/510677

Singh N, Winston DJ, Limaye AP, Pelletier S, Safdar N, Morris MI, et al. Performance characteristics of galactomannan and Beta-d-glucan in highrisk liver transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2015;99(12):2543-50.

https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000000763

Prat C, Sancho JM, Dominguez J, Xicoy B, Giménez M, Ferrá C, et al. Evaluation of procalcitonin, neopterin, C-reactive protein, IL-6 and IL-8 as a diagnostic marker of infection in patients with febrile neutropenia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2008;49(9):1752-61.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10428190802258956

De Pascale G, Tumbarello M. Fungal infections in the ICU: Advances in treatment and diagnosis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2015;21(5):421-9.

https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000000230

Trof RJ, Beishuizen A, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Girbes ARJ, Groeneveld ABJ. Management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in non-neutropeniccritically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(10):1694-703.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0791-z

Schmiedel Y, Zimmerli S. Common invasive fungal diseases: an overview of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and Pneumocystis pneumonia. Swiss Med Wkly. 2016;146(February):w14281.

https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2016.14281

Colombo AL, de Almeida Júnior JN, Slavin MA, Chen SCA, Sorrell TC. Candida and invasive mould diseases in non-neutropenic critically ill patients and patients with haematological cancer. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(11):e344-56.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30304-3

Cho SY, Lee DG, Choi SM, Choi JK, Lee HJ, Kim SH, et al. Posaconazole for primary antifungal prophylaxis in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia or myelodysplastic syndrome during remission induction chemotherapy: A single-centre retrospective study in Korea and clinical considerations. Mycoses. 2015;58(9):565-71.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12357

Bourdelin M, Grenouillet F, Daguindau E, Muret P, Desbrosses Y, Dubut J, et al. Posaconazole prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies: Limits in clinical practice. Med Mycol. 2014;52(7):728-35.

https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myu042

Vallejo Llamas JC, Ruiz-Camps I. Infección fúngica invasora en los pacientes hematológicos. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2012;30(9):572-9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2012.08.003

Walsh TJ, Pappas P, Winston DJ, Lazarus HM, Petersen F, Raffalli J, et al. Voriconazole compared with liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(4):225-34.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200201243460403

Walsh T, Teppler H, Donowitz G, Maertens J, Baden L, Dmoszynska A, et al. Caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(14):1391-402.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040446

Wingard JR, White MH, Anaissie E, Raffalli J, Goodman J, Arrieta A. A randomized, double-blind comparative trial evaluating the safety of liposomal amphotericin B versus amphotericin B lipid complex in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(5):1155-63.

https://doi.org/10.1086/317451

Maertens JA, Raad II, Marr KA, Patterson TF, Kontoyiannis DP, Cornely OA, et al. Isavuconazole versus voriconazole for primary treatment of invasive mould disease caused by Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi (SECURE ): a phase 3 , randomised-controlled , non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10020):760-9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01159-9

Boogaerts M, Winston D, Bow E, Garber G, Reboli A, Schwarer A, et al. Intravenous and oral itraconazole versus intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate as empirical antifungal therapy for persistent fever in neutropenic patients with cancer who are receiving broad-spectrum antibacterial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(6):412-22.

https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-135-6-200109180-00010

Maertens JA, Madero L, Reilly AF, Lehrnbecher T, Groll AH, Jafri HS, et al. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin b for empiric antifungal therapy in pediatric patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29(5):415-20.

https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181da2171

Seibel NL, Schwartz C, Arrieta A, Flynn P, Shad A, Albano E, et al. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of micafungin (FK463) in febrile neutropenic pediatric patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(8):3317-24.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.8.3317-3324.2005

Yamauchi PS. Systemic Antifungals, in Biologic and Systemic Agents in Dermatology. USA Springer Int Publ AG. 2018;

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66884-0

Bergeron A, Porcher R, Menotti J, Poirot JL, Chagnon K, Vekhoff A, et al. Prospective evaluation of clinical and biological markers to predict the outcome of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematological patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(3):823-30.

https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00750-11

Maertens J, Buvé K, Theunissen K, Meersseman W, Verbeken E, Verhoef G, et al. Galactomannan serves as a surrogate endpoint for outcome of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic hematology patients. Cancer. 2009;115(2):355-62.

https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24022

Boutboul F, Alberti C, Leblanc T, Sulahian A, Gluckman E, Derouin F, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: Increasing antigenemia is associated with progressive disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(7):939-43.

https://doi.org/10.1086/339324

Verweij PE, Rijnders BJA, Brüggemann RJM, Azoulay E, Bassetti M, Blot S, et al. Review of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients and proposal for a case definition: an expert opinion. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(8):1524-35.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06091-6

Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, Bennett JE, Greene RE, Oestmann J-W, et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(6):408-15.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020191

Cordonnier C, Bresnik M, Ebrahimi R. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome®) efficacy in confirmed invasive aspergillosis and other filamentous fungal infections in immunocompromised hosts: A pooled analysis. Mycoses. 2007;50(3):205-9.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01362.x

Denning DW. Comparison of 2 studies of treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(8):1106-8.

https://doi.org/10.1086/521942

Trang T, Hanretty A, Langelier C, Yang K. Use of isavuconazole in a patient with voriconazole-induced QTc prolongation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2017;19(4).

https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12712

Cornely OA, Maertens J, Bresnik M, Ebrahimi R, Ullmann AJ, Bouza E, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: A randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad Trial). Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(10):1289-97.

https://doi.org/10.1086/514341

Candoni A, Mestroni R, Damiani D, Tiribelli M, Michelutti A, Silvestri F, et al. Caspofungin as first line therapy of pulmonary invasive fungal infections in 32 immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies. Eur J Haematol. 2005;75(3):227-33.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00500.x

Herbrecht R, Maertens J, Baila L, Aoun M, Heinz W, Martino R, et al. Caspofungin first-line therapy for invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: An European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010;45(7):1227-33.

https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2009.334

Cornely OA, Vehreschild JJ, Vehreschild MJGT, Würthwein G, Arenz D, Schwartz S, et al. Phase II dose escalation study of caspofungin for invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(12):5798-803.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05134-11

Denning DW, Ribaud P, Milpied N, Caillot D, Herbrecht R, Haas A, et al. Efficacy and safety of voriconazole in the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(5):563-71.

https://doi.org/10.1086/324620

Neofytos D, Railkar R, Mullane KM, Fredricks DN, Granwehr B, Marr KA, et al. Correlation between circulating fungal biomarkers and clinical outcome in invasive aspergillosis. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):1-13.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129022

Baddley JW, Marr KA, Andes DR, Walsh TJ, Kauffman CA, Kontoyiannis DP, et al. Patterns of susceptibility of Aspergillus isolates recovered from patients enrolled in the transplant-associated infection surveillance network. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(10):3271-5.

https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00854-09

Rieger CT, Huppmann S, Peterson L, Rieger H, Ostermann H. Classification of invasive fungal disease in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Mycoses. 2011 Jul;54(4):e92-8.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01850.x

Garcia-Vidal C, Peghin M, Cervera C, Gudiol C, Ruiz-Camps I, Moreno A, et al. Causes of death in a contemporary cohort of patients with invasive aspergillosis. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):1-10.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120370

Denning DW, Lee JY, Hostetler JS, Pappas P, Kauffman CA, Dewsnup DH, et al. NIAID Mycoses Study Group Multicenter Trial of Oral Itraconazole Therapy for Invasive Aspergillosis. Am J Med. 1994;97(5):497.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(94)90023-X

Bulpa P, Dive A, Sibille Y. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2007 Oct;30(4):782- 800.

https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00062206

Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris N, Jaffe E, Pileri S, Stein H, et al., editors. WHO clasification of tumours of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Revised 4t. Lyon: IARC; 2017.

Pagano L, Busca A, Candoni A, Cattaneo C, Cesaro S, Fanci R, et al. Risk stratification for invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies: SEIFEM recommendations. Blood Rev. 2017 Mar;31(2):17-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2016.09.002

Dragonetti G, Criscuolo M, Fianchi L, Pagano L. Invasive aspergillosis in acute myeloid leukemia: Are we making progress in reducing mortality? Med Mycol. 2017 Jan;55(1):82-6.

https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myw114

Pagano L, Dragonetti G, Cattaneo C, Marchesi F, Veggia B, Busca A, et al. Changes in the incidence of candidemia and related mortality in patients with hematologic malignancies in the last ten years. A SEIFEM 2015-B report. Vol. 102, Haematologica. Italy; 2017. p. e407-10.

https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2017.172536

Del Principe MI, Dragonetti G, Verga L, Candoni A, Marchesi F, Cattaneo C, et al. "Real-life" analysis of the role of antifungal prophylaxis in preventing invasive aspergillosis in AML patients undergoing consolidation therapy: Sorveglianza Epidemiologica Infezioni nelle Emopatie (SEIFEM) 2016 study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019 Apr;74(4):1062-8.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky550

Criscuolo M, Marchesi F, Candoni A, Cattaneo C, Nosari A, Veggia B, et al. Fungaemia in haematological malignancies: SEIFEM-2015 survey. Eur J Clin Invest. 2019 May;49(5):e13083.

https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13083

Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A, Offidani M, Martino B, Specchia G, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a SEIFEM-2008 registry study. Haematologica. 2010 Apr;95(4):644-50.

https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2009.012054

Candoni A, Klimko N, Busca A, Di Blasi R, Shadrivova O, Cesaro S, et al. Fungal infections of the central nervous system and paranasal sinuses in onco-haematologic patients. Epidemiological study reporting the diagnostic-therapeutic approach and outcome in 89 cases. Mycoses. 2019 Mar;62(3):252-60.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12884

Mariette C, Tavernier E, Hocquet D, Huynh A, Isnard F, Legrand F, et al. Epidemiology of invasive fungal infections during induction therapy in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a GRAALL-2005 study. Leuk Lymphoma. 2016;8194(July):1-8.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2016.1204652

Nivoix Y, Velten M, Letscher Bru V, Moghaddam A, Natarajan Ame S, Fohrer C, et al. Factors Associated with Overall and Attributable Mortality in Invasive Aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(9):1176-84.

https://doi.org/10.1086/592255

Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L. Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(7):909-17.

https://doi.org/10.1086/339202

Jantunen E, Ruutu P, Niskanen L, Volin L, Parkkali T, Koukila-Kahkola P, et al. Incidence and risk factors for invasive fungal infections in allogeneic BMT recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1997;19(8):801-8.

https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1700737

Marr KA, Carter RA, Boeckh M, Martin P, Corey L. Invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: Changes in epidemiology and risk factors. Blood. 2002;100(13):4358-66.

https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-05-1496

van Burik JAH, Carter SL, Freifeld AG, High KP, Godder KT, Papanicolaou GA, et al. Higher Risk of Cytomegalovirus and Aspergillus Infections in Recipients of T Cell-Depleted Unrelated Bone Marrow: Analysis of Infectious Complications in Patients Treated with T Cell Depletion Versus Immunosuppressive Therapy to Prevent Graft-versus-Host . Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2007;13(12):1487-98.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2007.08.049

Bochud P-Y, Chien JW, Marr KA, Leisenring WM, Upton A, Janer M, et al. Toll-like Receptor 4 Polymorphisms and Aspergillosis in Stem-Cell Transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(17):1766-77.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0802629

Zaas AK, Liao G, Chien JW, Weinberg C, Shore D, Giles SS, et al. Plasminogen alleles influence susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis. PLoS Genet. 2008;4(6).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000101

Cunha C, Aversa F, Lacerda JF, Busca A, Kurzai O, Grube M, et al. Genetic PTX3 Deficiency and Aspergillosis in Stem-Cell Transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(5):421-32.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1211161

Cunha C, Di Ianni M, Bozza S, Giovannini G, Zagarella S, Zelante T, et al. Dectin-1 Y238X polymorphism associates with susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis in hematopoietic transplantation through impairment of both recipient- and donor-dependent mechanisms of antifungal immunity. Blood. 2010;116(24):5394-402.

https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-04-279307

Neofytos D, Horn D, Anaissie E, Steinbach W, Olyaei A, Fishman J, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of invasive fungal infection in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: Analysis of multicenter prospective antifungal therapy (PATH) alliance registry. Clin Infect Dis.

;48(3):265-73.

Miceli MH, Maertens J, Buvé K, Grazziutti M, Woods G, Rahman M, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in cancer patients with pulmonary aspergillosis recovering from neutropenia: Proof of principle, description, and clinical and research implications. Cancer. 2007;110(1):112-20.

https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22738

Kawamoto K, Shibasaki Y, Sato S, Nemoto H, Takizawa J, Narita M, et al. Fatal tracheal aspergillosis during rituximab combined chemotherapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that developed after lung transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2015;17(6):872-5.

https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12458

Girmenia C. New hematologic populations at risk of invasive aspergillosis: focus on new targeted, biological, and cellular therapies. F1000Research. 2019;8.

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17836.1

Rychly DJ, DiPiro JT. Infections associated with tumor necrosis factoralpha antagonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25(9):1181-92.

https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.2005.25.9.1181

Tsiodras S, Samonis G, Boumpas DT, Kontoyiannis DP. Fungal infections complicating tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(2):181-94.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60839-2

Aguado JM, Manuel O. Editorial for ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) Consensus Document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: an infectious diseases perspective. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:S1.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.04.029

Nedel WL, Kontoyiannis DP, Pasqualotto AC. Aspergillosis in patients treated with monoclonal antibodies. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2009;26(3):175-83.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2009.04.001

Winthrop KL, Mariette X, Silva JT, Benamu E, Calabrese LH, Dumusc A, et al. ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) Consensus Document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: an infectious diseases perspective (Soluble immune effector molecules [II]: agents targeting interleukins, immunoglobuli. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:S21-40.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.02.002

Smith JA. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and fungal infections. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2010;4(1):38-45.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-010-0001-2

Warris A, Bjorneklett A, Gaustad P. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with infliximab therapy. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(14):1099-100.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200104053441415

Buonomo AR, Viceconte G, Compare D, Vargas M, Iacovazzo C, Zappulo E, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and pulmonary tuberculosis in a patient treated with infliximab for Crohn's disease. IDCases. 2019;17:e00537.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00537

Baddley JW, Cantini F, Goletti D, Gomez-Reino JJ, Mylonakis E, San Juan R, et al. ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) Consensus Document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: an infectious diseases perspective (Soluble immune effector molecules I: anti-tumor necrosis factor-alfa agents). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(January):S10-20.

Salmon-Ceron D, Tubach F, Lortholary O, Chosidow O, Bretagne S, Nicolas N, et al. Drug-specific risk of non-tuberculosis opportunistic infections in patients receiving anti TNF therapy reported to the 3-year prospective French RATIO registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(4):616-23.

https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.137422

Vallabhaneni S, Chiller TM. Fungal Infections and New Biologic Therapies. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2016;18(5).

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-016-0572-1

Ferrer Bradley I, Maroto Arce N, Mora Escrig M, Hinojosa del Val J. Pulmonary aspergillosis in a Crohn's disease patient receiving adalimumab and steroid therapy. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;42(6):387-8.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gastrohep.2018.05.028

Finn S, Bond J, McCarthy D, Sheahan K, Quinn C. Angioinvasive aspergillosis presenting as neutropenic colitis. Histopathology. 2006;49(4):440-1.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02488.x

Manz M, Beglinger C, Vavricka S. Fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with adalimumab therapy. Gut. 2009;58(1):149.

https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2008.161638

Makino Y, Nishiyama O, Sano H, Iwanaga T, Higashimoto Y, Kume H, et al. Cavitary pulmonary cryptococcosis with an Aspergillus fungus ball. Intern Med. 2014;53(23):2737-9.

https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.53.2973

Alonso-Sierra M, Calvo M, González-Lama Y. Nocardia and Aspergillus Coinfection in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis during Golimumab Therapy. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10(9):1127-8.

https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw064

Nadrous HF, Krowka MJ, McClure RF, Tefferi A, Lim KG. Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with pleural extramedullary leukemic transformation. Leuk Lymphoma. 2004;45(4):815-8.

https://doi.org/10.1080/1042819032000141329

Tamaki K, Kinjo T, Aoyama H, Tomoyose T, Nakachi S, Hanashiro T, et al. Fatal pneumonia and viremia due to human parainfluenza virus type 1 in a patient with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma treated with mogamulizumab. J Infect Chemother. 2015;21(11):820-3.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2015.07.001

Drgona L, Gudiol C, Lanini S, Salzberger B, Ippolito G, Mikulska M. ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) Consensus Document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: an infectious diseases perspective (Agents targeting lymphoid or myeloid cells surface antigens [II]: CD22, CD30, CD33,. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:S83-94.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.03.022

Lundin J, Hagberg H, Repp R, Cavallin-Ståhl E, Fredén S, Juliusson G, et al. Phase 2 study of alemtuzumab (anti CD52 monoclonal antibody) in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome. Blood. 2003;101(11):4267-72.

https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-09-2802

Mikulska M, Lanini S, Gudiol C, Drgona L, Ippolito G, Fernández-Ruiz M, et al. ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) Consensus Document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: an infectious diseases perspective (Agents targeting lymphoid cells surface antigens [I]: CD19, CD20 and CD52). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:S71-82.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.02.003

Russo CV, Sacca F, Paternoster M, Buonomo AR, Gentile I, Scotto R, et al. Post-mortem diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2020;26(1):123-6.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458518813110

Henn A, Mellon G, Henry B, Roos-Weil D, Jauréguiberry S, Mordant P, et al. Disseminated cryptococcosis, invasive aspergillosis, and mucormycosis in a patient treated with alemtuzumab for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Scand J Infect Dis. 2014;46(3):231-4.

https://doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2013.866269

Roux C, Thyss A, Gari-Toussaint M. Prostatic and renal aspergillosis due to Aspergillus fumigatus in a patient receiving alemtuzumab for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J Mycol Med. 2013;23(4):270-3.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.10.001

Kim SJ, Moon JH, Kim H, Kim JS, Hwang YY, Intragumtornchai T, et al. Non-bacterial infections in Asian patients treated with alemtuzumab: A retrospective study of the Asian Lymphoma Study Group. Leuk Lymphoma. 2012;53(8):1515-24.

https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2012.659735

Karia S, Jeyapalan K, Kennedy B. Aspergillus fumigatus osteomyelitis in a patient receiving alemtuzumab for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2011;153(2):147.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08570.x

Streif W, Escuriola E, Linde R, Kropshofer G, Zimmerhackl LB, Kreuz W. Inhibitor treatment by rituximab in congenital haemophilia A - Two case reports. Hamostaseologie. 2009;29(2):151-4.

https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1617028

Catroux M, Lauda-Maillen M, Pathe M, De Boisgrollier de Ruolz AC, Cazenave-Roblot F, Roblot P, et al. Infectious events during the course of autoimmune diseases treated with rituximab: A retrospective study of 93 cases. Rev Med Interne. 2017;38(3):160-6.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmed.2016.09.010

Kiss F, Buslig J, Szegedi I, Scholtz B, Kappelmayer J, Kiss C. Early relapse after rituximab chemoimmunotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50(2):372-5.

https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.21388

Bilgin E, Erden A, Kilic L, Sari A, Armagan B, Kalyoncu U, et al. Aspergillus Pneumonia in a Patient With Adult-Onset Still Disease Successfully Treated With Anakinra. J Clin Rheumatol. 2018;24(3):156-8.

https://doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0000000000000631

Chandrakumaran A, Malik M, Stevens MP, Abbate A. A case report of locally invasive Aspergillus fumigatus infection in a patient on canakinumab. Eur Hear J - Case Reports. 2018;2(3):1-4.

https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcr/yty098

Honda H, Kida H, Yoshida M, Tomita T, Fujii M, Ihara S, et al. Recurrent allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with etanercept and tocilizumab. Mod Rheumatol. 2011;21(6):660-4.

https://doi.org/10.3109/s10165-011-0449-0

Vellanki VS, Bargman JM. Aspergillus niger peritonitis in a peritoneal dialysis patient treated with eculizumab. Ren Fail. 2014;36(4):631-3.

https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2014.882712

Reinwald M, Silva JT, Mueller NJ, Fortún J, Garzoni C, de Fijter JW, et al. ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) Consensus Document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: an infectious diseases perspective (Intracellular signaling pathways: tyrosine kinase and mTOR inhibitors). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:S53- 70.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.02.009

Bercusson A, Colley T, Shah A, Warris A, Armstrong James D. Ibrutinib blocks Btk dependent NFKB and NFAT responses in human macrophages during Aspergillus fumigatus phagocytosis. Blood. 2018; 132(18): 1985-8.

https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-12-823393

Ruchlemer R, Ben-Ami R, Bar-Meir M, Brown JR, Malphettes M, Mous R, et al. Ibrutinib-associated invasive fungal diseases in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: An observational study. Mycoses. 2019;62(12):1140-7.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13001

Blez D, Blaize M, Soussain C, Boissonnas A, Meghraoui-Kheddar A, Menezes N, et al. Ibrutinib induces multiple functional defects in the neutrophil response against Aspergillus fumigatus. Haematologica. 2020;105(2):478-89.

https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2019.219220

Beresford R, Dolot V, Foo H. Cranial aspergillosis in a patient receiving ibrutinib for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2019;24(December 2018):27-9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mmcr.2019.02.005

Dotson J, Katz H, Jafri H, Jamil MO, Willenburg KS. A Rare Instance of Simultaneous Infection with Disseminated Nocardia and Pulmonary Aspergillus in a Patient Receiving Treatment with Ibrutinib for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cureus. 2018;10(10).

https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.3427

Woyach JA. Ibrutinib and Aspergillus: a Btk-targeted risk. Blood. 2018;132(18):1867-9.

https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-08-865659

Arthurs B, Wunderle K, Hsu M, Kim S. Invasive aspergillosis related to ibrutinib therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Respir Med Case Reports. 2017;21:27-9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.03.011

Grommes C, Younes A. Ibrutinib in PCNSL: The Curious Cases of Clinical Responses and Aspergillosis. Cancer Cell. 2017;31(6):731-3.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.05.004

Lafon-Desmurs B, Monsel G, Leblond V, Papo M, Caumes E, Fekkar A, et al. Sequential disseminated aspergillosis and pulmonary tuberculosis in a patient treated by idelalisib for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Med Mal Infect. 2017;47(4):293-6.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2016.10.001

Iijima Y, Fujioka N, Uchida Y, Kobayashi Y, Tsutsui T, Kakizaki Y, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis mimicking organizing pneumonia after mTOR inhibitor therapy: A case report. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;69:75-7.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.01.033

Inthasot V, Bruyneel M, Muylle I, Ninane V. Severe pulmonary infections complicating nivolumab treatment for lung cancer: a report of two cases. Acta Clin Belgica Int J Clin Lab Med. 2020;75(4):308-10.

https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2019.1629078

Uchida N, Fujita K, Nakatani K, Mio T. Acute progression of aspergillosis in a patient with lung cancer receiving nivolumab. Respirol Case Reports. 2018;6(2):3-5.

https://doi.org/10.1002/rcr2.289

Oltolini C, Ripa M, Andolina A, Brioschi E, Cilla M, Petrella G, et al. Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Complicated by Carbapenem- Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection During Pembrolizumab Immunotherapy for Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Mycopathologia. 2019;184(1):181-5.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-018-0291-4

Matsumoto N, Shigekusa T, Matsuo A, Tsubouchi H, Yanagi S, Nakazato M. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis complicated by eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis successfully treated with mepolizumab. Respirol Case Reports. 2019;7(7):1-3.

https://doi.org/10.1002/rcr2.465

Tsubouchi H, Tsuchida S, Yanagi S, Shigekusa T, Miura M, Sakaguchi K, et al. Successful treatment with mepolizumab in a case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis complicated with nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Respir Med Case Reports. 2019;28(April):100875.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.100875

Soeda S, To M, Kono Y, Yamawaki S, Tsuzuki R, Katsube O, et al. Case series of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis treated successfully and safely with long-term mepolizumab. Allergol Int. 2019;68(3):377-9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2018.12.008

Caminati M, Menzella F, Guidolin L, Senna G. Targeting eosinophils: Severe asthma and beyond. Drugs Context. 2019;8(Il):1-15.

https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.212587

Koutsokera A, Corriveau S, Sykes J, Coriati A, Cortes D, Vadas P, et al. Omalizumab for asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2020;19(1):119-24.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2019.07.011

Groll AH, Desai A, Han D, Howieson C, Kato K, Akhtar S, et al. Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Drug-Drug Interactions of Isavuconazole With the Immunosuppressants Cyclosporine, Mycophenolic Acid, Prednisolone, Sirolimus, and Tacrolimus in Healthy Adults. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2017;6(1):76-85.

https://doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.284

Hamill RJ. Amphotericin B formulations: A comparative review of efficacy and toxicity. Drugs. 2013;73(9):919-34.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-013-0069-4

Ambrosioni J, Coll S, Manzardo C, Nicolás D, Agüero F, Blanco JL, et al. Voriconazole and cobicistat-boosted antiretroviral salvage regimen coadministration to treat invasive aspergillosis in an HIV-infected patient. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(4):1125-7.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkv449

Arendrup MC, Boekhout T, Akova M, Meis JF, Cornely OA, Lortholary O. ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of rare invasive yeast infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014 Apr;20(S3):76-98.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12360

Falci DR, Pasqualotto AC. Profile of isavuconazole and its potential in the treatment of severe invasive fungal infections. Infect Drug Resist. 2013;6:163-74.

https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S51340

Herbrecht R, Patterson TF, Slavin MA, Marchetti O, Maertens J, Johnson EM, et al. Application of the 2008 Definitions for Invasive Fungal Diseases to the Trial Comparing Voriconazole versus Amphotericin B for Therapy of Invasive Aspergilosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(5):713-20.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu911

Gregson L, Goodwin J, Johnson A, McEntee L, Moore CB, Richardson M, et al. In vitro susceptibility of Aspergillus fumigatus to isavuconazole: Correlation with itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(11):5778-80.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01141-13

Neofytos D, Ostrander D, Shoham S, Laverdiere M, Hiemenz J, Nguyen H, et al. Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring: Results of a prematurely discontinued randomized multicenter trial. Transpl Infect Dis. 2015;17(6):831-7.

https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12454

Cornely OA. Isavuconazole: Is there a need for a new antifungal? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:i2-4.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx027

Ellis M, Spence D, De Pauw B, Meunier F, Marinus A, Collette L, et al. An EORTC international multicenter randomized trial (EORTC number 19923) comparing two dosages of liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27(6):1406-12.

https://doi.org/10.1086/515033

Ito JI, Chandrasekar PH, Hooshmand-Rad R. Effectiveness of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) treatment in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients with invasive aspergillosis (IA). Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;36(10):873-7.

https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1705143

Wright DG, Robichaud KJ, Pizzo PA, Deisseroth AB. Lethal pulmonary reactions associated with the combined use of amphotericin B and leukocyte transfusions. N Engl J Med. 1981;304(20):1185-9.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198105143042001

Hall RG, Swancutt MA, Gumbo T. Fractal geometry and the pharmacometrics of micafungin in overweight, obese, and extremely obese people. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(11):5107-12.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05193-11

Caillot D, Bassaris H, Mc Geer A, Arthur C, Prentice HG, Seifert W, et al. Intravenous itraconazole followed by oral itraconazole in the treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies, chronic granulomatous disease, or AIDS. Clin Infect Dis an Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2001;33(8):e83-90.

https://doi.org/10.1086/323020

Kohno S, Masaoka T, Yamaguchi H, Mori T, Urabe A, Ito A, et al. A multicenter, open-label clinical study of micafungin (FK463) in the treatment of deepseated mycosis in Japan. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(5):372-9.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00365540410020406

Kontoyiannis DP, Ratanatharathorn V, Young JA, Raymond J, Laverdière M, Denning DW, et al. Micafungin alone or in combination with other systemic antifungal therapies in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with invasive aspergillosis: Short communication. Transpl Infect Dis. 2009;11(1):89-93.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2008.00349.x

Herbrecht R, Letscher V, Andres E, Cavalier A. Safety and efficacy of Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion. An overview. Chemotherapy. 1999;45(SUPPL. 1):67-76.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000048472

Betts R, Glasmacher A, Maertens J, Maschmeyer G, Vazquez JA, Teppler H, et al. Efficacy of caspofungin against invasive Candida or invasive Aspergillus infections in neutropenic patients. Cancer. 2006;106(2):466-73.

https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21615

De Repentigny L, Ratelle J, Leclerc JM, Cornu G, Sokal ÉM, Jacqmin P, et al. Repeated-dose pharmacokinetics of an oral solution of itraconazole in infants and children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42(2):404-8.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.42.2.404

Marr KA, Boeckh M, Carter RA, Hyung WK, Corey L. Combination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(6):797-802.

https://doi.org/10.1086/423380

Maertens J, Raad I, Petrikkos G, Boogaerts M, Selleslag D, Petersen FB, et al. Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(11):1563-71.

https://doi.org/10.1086/423381

Ng T, Denning D. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) therapy in invasive fungal infections. Evaluation of United Kingdom compassionate use data. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(10):1093-8.

https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00430100129015

Hachem RY, Boktour MR, Hanna HA, Husni RN, Torres HA, Afif C, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex versus liposomal amphotericin B monotherapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancy. Cancer. 2008;112(6):1282-7.

https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23311

Oppenheim BA, Herbrecht R, Kusne S. The safety and efficacy of amphotericin b colloidal dispersion in the treatment of invasive mycoses. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21(5):1145-53.

https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/21.5.1145

Ullmann AJ. Review of the safety, tolerability, and drug interactions of the new antifungal agents caspofungin and voriconazole. Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19(4):263-71.

https://doi.org/10.1185/030079903125001884

Gambillara E, Laffitte E, Widmer N, Decosterd LA, Duchosal MA, Kovacsovics T, et al. Severe pustular eruption associated with imatinib and voriconazole in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia. Dermatology. 2005;211(4):363-5.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000088510

Baddley JW, Andes DR, Marr KA, Kauffman CA, Kontoyiannis DP, Ito JI, et al. Antifungal therapy and length of hospitalization in transplant patients with invasive aspergillosis. Med Mycol. 2013;51(2):128-35.

https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2012.690108

Stelzer D, Weber A, Ihle F, Matthes S, Ceelen F, Zimmermann G, et al. Posaconazole liquid vs tablet formulation in lung transplant recipients. Mycoses. 2018;61(3):186-94.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12724

Offner F, Cordonnier C, Ljungman P, Prentice HG, Engelhard D, De BacquerD, et al. Impact of previous aspergillosis on the outcome of bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26(5):1098-103.

https://doi.org/10.1086/520274

Caillot D. Intravenous itraconazole followed by oral itraconazole for the treatment of amphotericin B refractory invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Acta Haematol. 2003;109(3):111-8.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000069281

Group TICGDCS. A controlled trial of interferon gamma to prevent infection in chronic granulomatous disease. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(8):509-16.

https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199102213240801

Mousset S, Buchheidt D, Heinz W, Ruhnke M, Cornely OA, Egerer G, et al. Treatment of invasive fungal infections in cancer patients Updated recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). Ann Hematol. 2014;93(1):13-32.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-013-1867-1

Martinez M, Chen V, Tong AJ, Hamilton K, Clemons K V., Stevens DA. Experimental evidence that granulocyte transfusions are efficacious in treatment of neutropenic hosts with pulmonary aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(4):1882-7.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02533-12

Viscoli C. Antifungal prophylaxis and pre-emptive therapy. Drugs. 2009;69 Suppl 1:75-8.

https://doi.org/10.2165/11315540-000000000-00000

Cordonnier C, Maury S, Pautas C, Bastie JN, Chehata S, Castaigne S, et al. Secondary antifungal prophylaxis with voriconazole to adhere to scheduled treatment in leukemic patients and stem cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004;33(9):943-8.

https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1704469

Martino R, Parody R, Fukuda T, Maertens J, Theunissen K, Ho A, et al. Impact of the intensity of the pretransplantation conditioning régimen in patients with prior invasive aspergillosis undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A retrospective survey of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the Euro. Blood. 2006;108(9):2928- 36.

https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-03-008706

Groetzner J, Kaczmarek I, Wittwer T, Strauch J, Meiser B, Wahlers T, et al. Caspofungin as First Line Therapy for the Treatment of InvasiveAspergillosis After Thoracic Organ Transplantation. J Hear Lung Transplant. 2008;27(1):1-6.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2007.10.002

Mensa J, De La Cámara R, Carreras E, Cuenca Estrella M, García Rodríguez JA, Gobernado M, et al. Tratamiento de las infecciones fúngicas en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas. Med Clin (Barc). 2009;132(13):507-21.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2009.01.008

Chaparro M, Estupinan M, Camacho G. Proven Aspergillosis in Fanconi Anemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017;23(3):S228-9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.12.452

Hovi L, Saarinen-Pihkala UM, Vettenranta K, Saxen H. Invasive fungal infections in pediatric bone marrow transplant recipients: Single center experience of 10 years. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;26(9):999-1004.

https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1702654

King J, Henriet SSV, Warris A. Aspergillosis in chronic granulomatous disease. J Fungi. 2016;2(2):1-16.

https://doi.org/10.3390/jof2020015

Tragiannidis A, Kyriakidis I, Zundorf I, Groll AH. Invasive fungal infections in pediatric patients treated with tumor necrosis alpha (TNF alfa) inhibitors. Mycoses. 2017;60(4):222-9.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12576

Groll AH, Jaeger G, Allendorf A, Herrmann G, Schloesser R, Von Loewenich V. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a critically ill neonate: Case report and review of invasive aspergillosis during the first 3 months of life. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27(3):437-52.

https://doi.org/10.1086/514717

Krishnan S, Manavathu EK, Chandrasekar PH. Aspergillus flavus: An emerging non fumigatus Aspergillus species of significance. Mycoses. 2009;52(3):206-22.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01642.x

Restrepo Gualteros SM, Jaramillo-Barberi LE, Rodríguez Martínez CE, Camacho Moreno G, Niño G. Aspergilosis pulmonar invasiva: Reporte de un caso. Biomedica. 2015;35(2):171-6.

https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v35i2.2357

Chen YC, Liao CH, Shen WT, Su C, Wu YC, Tsai M hsuan, et al. Effective disinfection of airborne microbial contamination in hospital wards using a zero-valent nano-silver/TiO 2 chitosan composite. Indoor Air. 2019;29(3):439-49.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12543

Loeffert ST, Melloul E, Gustin MP, Hénaff L, Guillot C, Dupont D, et al. Investigation of the Relationships between Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus by Multiplelocus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis during Major Demolition Work in a French Hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(2):321-9.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy498

Panackal AA, Li H, Kontoyiannis DP, Mori M, Perego CA, Boeckh M, et al. Geoclimatic influences on invasive aspergillosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(12):1588-97.

https://doi.org/10.1086/652761

Warris A, Klaassen CHW, Meis JFGM, De Ruiter MT, De Valk HA, Abrahamsen TG, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates recovered from water, air, and patients shows two clusters of genetically distinct strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(9):4101-6.

https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.9.4101-4106.2003

Lestrade PPA, Meis JF, Melchers WJG, Verweij PE. Triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: recent insights and challenges for patient management. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(7):799-806.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.027

Gangneux JP, Bretagne S, Cordonnier C, Datry A, Derouin F, Grillot R, et al. Prevention of nosocomial fungal infection: The French approach. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(3):343-6.

https://doi.org/10.1086/341318

Goebes MD, Baron EJ, Mathews KL, Hildemann LM. Effect of Building Construction on Aspergillus Concentrations in a Hospital . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29(5):462-4.

https://doi.org/10.1086/587189

Marr KA, Bow E, Chiller T, Maschmeyer G, Ribaud P, Segal B, et al. Fungal infection prevention after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009;44(8):483-7.

https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2009.259

CDC. Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs. 2019.

Hart E, Nguyen M, Allen M, Clark CM, Jacobs DM. A systematic review of the impact of antifungal stewardship interventions in the United States. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2019 Dec;18(1):24.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-019-0323-z

Mondain V, Lieutier F, Hasseine L, Gari-Toussaint M, Poiree M, Lions C, et al. A 6-year antifungal stewardship programme in a teaching hospital. Infection. 2013 Jun;41(3):621-8.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-013-0431-1

Valerio M, Muñoz P, Rodríguez CG, Caliz B, Padilla B, Fernández-Cruz A, et al. Antifungal stewardship in a tertiary-care institution: a bedside intervention. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015 May;21(5):492.e1-492.e9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.013

Hage CA, Carmona EM, Epelbaum O, Evans SE, Gabe LM, Haydour Q, et al. Microbiological laboratory testing in the diagnosis of fungal infections in pulmonary and critical care practice: An official American thoracic society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(5):535-50.

https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201906-1185ST

Meersseman W, Lagrou K, Maertens J, Wilmer A, Hermans G, Vanderschueren S, et al. Galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A tool for diagnosing aspergillosis in intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(1):27-34.

https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200704-606OC

Boch T, Buchheidt D, Spiess B, Miethke T, Hofmann WK, Reinwald M. Direct comparison of galactomannan performance in concurrent serum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples in immunocompromised patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mycoses. 2016;59(2):80-5.

https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12434

Bommart S, Bourdin A, Makinson A, Durand G, Micheau A, Monnin-Bares V, et al. Infectious chest complications in haematological malignancies. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2013;94(2):193-201.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2012.12.002

John J, Loo A, Mazur S, Walsh TJ. Therapeutic drug monitoring of systemic antifungal agents: a pragmatic approach for adult and pediatric patients. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2019;15(11):881-95.

https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2019.1671971

Duarte RF, Sánchez-Ortega I, Cuesta I, Arnan M, Patiño B, Fernández De Sevilla A, et al. Serum galactomannan-based early detection of invasive aspergillosis in hematology patients receiving effective antimold prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(12):1696-702.

https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu673

Chong S, Lee KS, Yi CA, Chung MJ, Kim TS, Han J. Pulmonary fungal infection: Imaging findings in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Eur J Radiol. 2006;59(3):371-83.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.04.017

Murthy JMK, Sundaram C. Fungal infections of the central nervous system. 1st ed. Vol. 121, Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier B.V.; 2014. 1383-1401 p.

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00095-X

Mensa-Pueyo J, Gatell-Artigas J, Garcìa-Sànchez JE. Guía De Terapéutica Antimicrobiana. Barcelona, España: Antares; 2016.

Gilbert D, Chambers H, Eliopoulos G, Chambers H, Saag M, Pavia A. The Sanford Guide. To Antimicrobial Therapy 2017. 47th Editi. USA: Antimicrobial Therapy, INC; 2017.

Jenks JD, Salzer HJF, Prattes J, Krause R, Buchheidt D, Hoenigl M. Spotlight on isavuconazole in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis: Design, development, and place in therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:1033-44.

https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S145545

Ghannoum M, Perfect J. Antifungal Therapy, 2nd Edition. New York. CRC Press. 2019. 2nd ed. Ghannoum M, Perfect J, editors. New York: CRC Press; 2019.

https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429402012

Ruiz-Camps I, Cuenca-Estrella M. Antifungals for systemic use. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2009;27(6):353-62.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2009.04.001

Bellmann R, Smuszkiewicz P. Pharmacokinetics of antifungal drugs: practical implications for optimized treatment of patients. Infection. 2017;45(6):737-79.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-017-1042-z

Lewis RE. Current concepts in antifungal pharmacology. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(8):805-17.

https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2011.0247

Nett JE, Andes DR. Antifungal Agents: Spectrum of Activity, Pharmacology, and Clinical Indications. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2016;30(1):51-83.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2015.10.012

Welzen M, Brüggemann R, Van Den Berg J, Voogt H, Gilissen J, Pajkrt D, et al. A twice daily posaconazole dosing algorithm for children with chronic granulomatous disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30(9):794-7.

https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3182195808

Cendejas-Bueno E, Cuenca-Estrella M, Gómez-López A. Indicaciones clínicas de la monitorización de azoles de uso sistémico. Hacia la optimización del tratamiento de la infección fúngica. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2014;27(1):1-16.

Denning DW, Cadranel J, Beigelman-Aubry C, Ader F, Chakrabarti A, Blot S, et al. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: Rationale and clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(1):45-68.

https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00583-2015

Klein CN, Pfeiffer CD. Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis: Use of the Galactomannan Assay. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis. 2015;7(3):163-75.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40506-015-0055-3

Arvanitis M, Anagnostou T, Fuchs BB, Caliendo AM, Mylonakis E. Molecular and nonmolecular diagnostic methods for invasive fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(3):490-526.

https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00091-13

Blot SI, Taccone FS, Van Den Abeele AM, Bulpa P, Meersseman W, Brusselaers N, et al. A Clinical Algorithm to Diagnose Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(1):56-64.

https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201111-1978OC

Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a

<< < 1 2